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Showing posts sorted by date for query monday's molecule. Sort by relevance Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by date for query monday's molecule. Sort by relevance Show all posts

Wednesday, November 20, 2024

Nobel Laureate Charles Nicolle


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928
"for his work on typhus"

Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (1886 - 1936) was a French scientist who studied typhus while he was Director of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis. He realized that patients suffering from typhus were usually contageous but when they entered the hospital they were no longer contageous after a bath and a change of clothes. This led him to conclude that the disease was being spread by something in the clothing and lice were a prime suspect.

He soon confirmed his hypothesis by infecting chimpanzees and showing that the disease could be transferred by lice from one infected chimp to another uninfected animal. Further research showed that the disease was actually being transferred by microbes in lice excrement and through insect bites. In addition to lice, mites and fleas can also transmit various forms of typhus.

Nicolle was not able to develop a vaccine against typhus. Even today there is no effective vaccine available but the disease can be treated by antibiotics, especially doxycycline. [See Monday's Molecule #246]

It's pretty amazing to think that the cause of such a horrible disease was only discovered in the lifetime of our parents or grandparents (or great-grandparents).

Here's part of the Award Ceremony Speech.

THEME:
Nobel Laureates

Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.

In awarding the 1928 Nobel Prize for Medicine to Dr. Charles Nicolle, Director of the Pasteur Institute at Tunis, the Caroline Institute wished to pay tribute to a man who has realized one of the greatest conquests in the field of prophylactic medicine, i.e. the vanquishing of typhus.

... The disease has been known since the beginning of all time. The plague which devastated Attica, especially Athens in the year 430 B.C., and which Thucydides describes in his work on the Peloponnesian War, was most likely an epidemic of typhus. The picture that the great historian draws of the disease agrees in certain respects, down to the smallest details, with the clinical picture we were able to observe during the Great War. Epidemics followed one another without respite during the great wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. At the end of the Thirty Years’ War, typhus raged over the whole of Central Europe. The Napoleonic Wars caused the disease to flare up again. In the general disorganization which followed the Grand Army’s retreat from Russia, typhus claimed innumerable victims amongst the troops and amongst the civilian population. Further epidemics broke out during the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War, affecting both sides.

With the progress of civilization and during the period of peace and prosperity which, in all, lasted from the end of the nineteenth century until 1914, typhus seemed of its own accord to have become restricted to certain remote regions of Europe and to certain extra-European countries where, from time immemorial, the disease had existed endemically.

At the beginning of this North Africa was among these non-European countries where the disease had been a veritable national scourge for several centuries. As soon as he took up his appointment as Director of the Pasteur Institute at Tunis, young Dr. Charles Nicolle was immediately brought into contact with the scientific and practical problems that typhus had created in this country.


Photo Credit: The figure is from Wikipedia.

The images of the Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation (© The Nobel Foundation). They are used here, with permission, for educational purposes only.

Monday, November 18, 2024

Monday's Molecule #246

Today's molecule is complicated and you may not recognize it right away from the 3D structure. It was discovered in the middle of the last century and has proven to be very useful.

You can use whatever tricks you want to identify today's molecule. Regular readers will know that it's related to at least one Nobel Prize Laureate who will be revealed on Wednesday. I don't think that's going to help you very much.

Email your answer to me at: Monday's Molecule #246. The first one with the correct answer wins. I will only post the names of winners to avoid embarrassment. The winner will be treated to a free coffee and donut at Tim Hortons if you are ever in Toronto or Mississauga (Ontario, Canada).

There could be two winners. If the first correct answer isn't from an undergraduate student then I'll select a second winner from those undergraduates who post the correct answer. You will need to identify yourself as an undergraduate in order to win. (Put "undergraduate" at the bottom of your email message.)

In order to win you must give your correct name. Anonymous and pseudoanonymous players can't win.

Comments are closed for at least 24 hours.

UPDATE:The molecule is doxycline, a tetracycline class of broad-spectrum antibiotic. The winner is Chris Dicus. I don't know where Chris is located but I'm pretty sure it's not near me so I'll have to wait unitil he visits Toronto to collect his double-double and chocolage dip donut.

-->

Winners

#145, Oct. 17, 2011: Bill Chaney, Roger Fan
#146, Oct. 24, 2011: DK
#147, Oct. 31, 2011: Joseph C. Somody
#148, Nov. 7, 2011: Jason Oakley
#149, Nov. 15, 2011: Thomas Ferraro, Vipulan Vigneswaran
#150, Nov. 21, 2011: Vipulan Vigneswaran (honorary mention to Raul A. Félix de Sousa)
#151, Nov. 28, 2011: Philip Rodger
#152, Dec. 5, 2011: 凌嘉誠 (Alex Ling)
#153, Dec. 12, 2011: Bill Chaney
#154, Dec. 19, 2011: Joseph C. Somody
#155, Jan. 9, 2012: Dima Klenchin
#156, Jan. 23, 2012: David Schuller
#157, Jan. 30, 2012: Peter Monaghan
#158, Feb. 7, 2012: Thomas Ferraro, Charles Motraghi
#159, Feb. 13, 2012: Joseph C. Somody
#160, March 5, 2012: Albi Celaj
#161, March 12, 2012: Bill Chaney, Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#162, March 19, 2012: no winner
#163, March 26, 2012: John Runnels, Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#164, April 2, 2012: Sean Ridout
#165, April 9, 2012: no winner
#166, April 16, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#167, April 23, 2012: Dima Klenchin, Deena Allan
#168, April 30, 2012: Sean Ridout
#169, May 7, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#170, May 14, 2012: no winner
#171, May 21, 2012: no winner
#172, May 29, 2012: Mike Hamilton, Dmitri Tchigvintsev
#173, June 4, 2012: Bill Chaney, Matt McFarlane
#174, June 18, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#175, June 25, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#176, July 2, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#177, July 16, 2012: Sean Ridout, William Grecia
#178, July 23, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#179, July 30, 2012: Bill Chaney and Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#180, Aug. 7, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#181, Aug. 13, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#182, Aug. 20, 2012: Stephen Spiro
#183, Aug. 27, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#184, Sept. 3, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#185, Sept. 10, 2012: Matt Talarico
#186, Sept. 17, 2012: no winner
#187, Sept. 24, 2012: Mikkel Rasmussen
#188, Oct. 1, 2012: John Runnels
#189, Oct. 8, 2012: Raúl Mancera
#190, Oct. 15, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#191, Oct. 22, 2012: Mikkel Rasmussen
#192, Nov. 12, 2012: Seth Kasowitz, Bill Gunn
#193, Nov. 19, 2012: Michael Rasmussen
#194, Dec. 4, 2012: Paul Clapham, Jacob Toth
#195, Dec. 10, 2012: Jacob Toth
#196, Dec. 17, 2012: Bill Chaney, Dima Klenchin, Bill Gunn
#197, Jan. 14, 2013: Evey Salara
#198, Jan. 21, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski
#199, March 11, 2013: Bill Gunn, River Jiang
#200, March 18, 2013: Bill Gunn
#201, April 8, 2013: Michael Florea
#202, April 15, 2013: no winner
#203, April 29, 2013: Anders Ernberg
#204, May 6, 2013: Alex Ling, Michael Florea
#205, May 13, 2013: Bill Chaney
#206, June 24, 2013: Michael Florea
#207, July 2, 2013: Matt McFarlane
#208, July 8, 2013: no winner
#209, July 15, 2013: Rosie Redfield, Thuc Quyen Huynh
#210, July 22, 2013: Jacob Toth
#211, July 29, 2013: Alex Ling, Matt McFarlane
#212, August 5, 2013: Brian Shewchuk
#213, Sept. 2, 2013: no winner
#214, Sept. 9, 2013: Bill Chaney
#215, Sept. 16, 2013: Zhimeng Yu
#216, Sept. 23, 2013: Mark Sturtevant, Jacob Toth
#217, Sept. 30, 2013: Susan Heaphy
#218, Oct. 7, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski, Jacob Troth
#219, Oct. 14, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#220, Oct. 21, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#221, Oct. 28, 2013: Zhimeng Yu
#222, Nov. 10, 2013: Caroline Josefsson, Andrew Wallace
#223, Nov. 18, 2013: Dean Bruce, Ariel Gershon
#224, Nov. 25, 2013: Jon Nuelle, Ariel Gershon
#225, Dec. 2, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#226, Dec. 9, 2013: Bill Gunn
#227, Dec. 16, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski
#228, Jan. 13, 2014: Tom Mueller
#229, Jan. 20, 2014: Tommy Stuleanu
#230, Jan. 27, 2014: Bill Gunn, Ariel Gershon
#231; March 3, 2014: Keith Conover, Nevraj Kejiou
#232, March 10, 2014: Philip Johnson
#233, March 17, 2014: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#234, March 24, 2014: Frank Schmidt, Raul Félix de Sousa
#235, March 31, 2014: Jon Binkley
#236, April 7, 2014: no winner
#237, April 21, 2014: Dean Bruce
#238, April 28, 2014: Dean Bruce
#239, May 5, 2014: Piotr Gąsiorowski
#240, May 12, 2014: James Wagstaff
#241, May 19, 2014: no winner
#242, Oct. 7, 2024: Elie Huvier
#243, Oct. 14, 2024: Mikkel Rasmussen
#244, Oct. 21, 2024: Santi Garcia-Vallve
#245, Nov. 12, 2024: no winner
#246, Nov. 18, 2024: Chris Dicus

The figure is from the ACS website: Doxyxycline.

Tuesday, November 12, 2024

Monday's Molecule #245

It's Tuesday so it must be time for Monday's Molecule! :-)

Today's molecule is the little green ladder-like thing in the figure. You have to name the class of molecule it refers to and give a brief description of its properties. You also have to indicate that you know something about the pink blob.

You can use whatever tricks you want to identify today's molecule. Regular readers will know that it's related to at least one Nobel Prize Laureate who will be revealed on Wednesday. I don't think that's going to help you very much.

Email your answer to me at: Monday's Molecule #245. The first one with the correct answer wins. I will only post the names of winners to avoid embarrassment. The winner will be treated to a free coffee and donut at Tim Hortons if you are ever in Toronto or Mississauga (Ontario, Canada).

There could be two winners. If the first correct answer isn't from an undergraduate student then I'll select a second winner from those undergraduates who post the correct answer. You will need to identify yourself as an undergraduate in order to win. (Put "undergraduate" at the bottom of your email message.)

In order to win you must give your correct name. Anonymous and pseudoanonymous players can't win.

Comments are closed for at least 24 hours.

UPDATE: There was no winner this week.

Winners

#145, Oct. 17, 2011: Bill Chaney, Roger Fan
#146, Oct. 24, 2011: DK
#147, Oct. 31, 2011: Joseph C. Somody
#148, Nov. 7, 2011: Jason Oakley
#149, Nov. 15, 2011: Thomas Ferraro, Vipulan Vigneswaran
#150, Nov. 21, 2011: Vipulan Vigneswaran (honorary mention to Raul A. Félix de Sousa)
#151, Nov. 28, 2011: Philip Rodger
#152, Dec. 5, 2011: 凌嘉誠 (Alex Ling)
#153, Dec. 12, 2011: Bill Chaney
#154, Dec. 19, 2011: Joseph C. Somody
#155, Jan. 9, 2012: Dima Klenchin
#156, Jan. 23, 2012: David Schuller
#157, Jan. 30, 2012: Peter Monaghan
#158, Feb. 7, 2012: Thomas Ferraro, Charles Motraghi
#159, Feb. 13, 2012: Joseph C. Somody
#160, March 5, 2012: Albi Celaj
#161, March 12, 2012: Bill Chaney, Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#162, March 19, 2012: no winner
#163, March 26, 2012: John Runnels, Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#164, April 2, 2012: Sean Ridout
#165, April 9, 2012: no winner
#166, April 16, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#167, April 23, 2012: Dima Klenchin, Deena Allan
#168, April 30, 2012: Sean Ridout
#169, May 7, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#170, May 14, 2012: no winner
#171, May 21, 2012: no winner
#172, May 29, 2012: Mike Hamilton, Dmitri Tchigvintsev
#173, June 4, 2012: Bill Chaney, Matt McFarlane
#174, June 18, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#175, June 25, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#176, July 2, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#177, July 16, 2012: Sean Ridout, William Grecia
#178, July 23, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#179, July 30, 2012: Bill Chaney and Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#180, Aug. 7, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#181, Aug. 13, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#182, Aug. 20, 2012: Stephen Spiro
#183, Aug. 27, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#184, Sept. 3, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#185, Sept. 10, 2012: Matt Talarico
#186, Sept. 17, 2012: no winner
#187, Sept. 24, 2012: Mikkel Rasmussen
#188, Oct. 1, 2012: John Runnels
#189, Oct. 8, 2012: Raúl Mancera
#190, Oct. 15, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#191, Oct. 22, 2012: Mikkel Rasmussen
#192, Nov. 12, 2012: Seth Kasowitz, Bill Gunn
#193, Nov. 19, 2012: Michael Rasmussen
#194, Dec. 4, 2012: Paul Clapham, Jacob Toth
#195, Dec. 10, 2012: Jacob Toth
#196, Dec. 17, 2012: Bill Chaney, Dima Klenchin, Bill Gunn
#197, Jan. 14, 2013: Evey Salara
#198, Jan. 21, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski
#199, March 11, 2013: Bill Gunn, River Jiang
#200, March 18, 2013: Bill Gunn
#201, April 8, 2013: Michael Florea
#202, April 15, 2013: no winner
#203, April 29, 2013: Anders Ernberg
#204, May 6, 2013: Alex Ling, Michael Florea
#205, May 13, 2013: Bill Chaney
#206, June 24, 2013: Michael Florea
#207, July 2, 2013: Matt McFarlane
#208, July 8, 2013: no winner
#209, July 15, 2013: Rosie Redfield, Thuc Quyen Huynh
#210, July 22, 2013: Jacob Toth
#211, July 29, 2013: Alex Ling, Matt McFarlane
#212, August 5, 2013: Brian Shewchuk
#213, Sept. 2, 2013: no winner
#214, Sept. 9, 2013: Bill Chaney
#215, Sept. 16, 2013: Zhimeng Yu
#216, Sept. 23, 2013: Mark Sturtevant, Jacob Toth
#217, Sept. 30, 2013: Susan Heaphy
#218, Oct. 7, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski, Jacob Troth
#219, Oct. 14, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#220, Oct. 21, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#221, Oct. 28, 2013: Zhimeng Yu
#222, Nov. 10, 2013: Caroline Josefsson, Andrew Wallace
#223, Nov. 18, 2013: Dean Bruce, Ariel Gershon
#224, Nov. 25, 2013: Jon Nuelle, Ariel Gershon
#225, Dec. 2, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#226, Dec. 9, 2013: Bill Gunn
#227, Dec. 16, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski
#228, Jan. 13, 2014: Tom Mueller
#229, Jan. 20, 2014: Tommy Stuleanu
#230, Jan. 27, 2014: Bill Gunn, Ariel Gershon
#231; March 3, 2014: Keith Conover, Nevraj Kejiou
#232, March 10, 2014: Philip Johnson
#233, March 17, 2014: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#234, March 24, 2014: Frank Schmidt, Raul Félix de Sousa
#235, March 31, 2014: Jon Binkley
#236, April 7, 2014: no winner
#237, April 21, 2014: Dean Bruce
#238, April 28, 2014: Dean Bruce
#239, May 5, 2014: Piotr Gąsiorowski
#240, May 12, 2014: James Wagstaff
#241, May 19, 2014: no winner
#242, Oct. 7, 2024: Elie Huvier
#243, Oct. 14, 2024: Mikkel Rasmussen
#244, Oct. 21, 2024: Santi Garcia-Vallve
#245, Nov. 12, 2024: no winner

The figure is modified from Hung and Slotkin (2021) The initiation of RNA interference (RNAi) in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 61:102014 [doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102014] -

Wednesday, October 23, 2024

Nobel Laureate: Vincent du Vigneaud


The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955
"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"

Vincent du Vigneaud (1901-1978) was an American biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955 for his work on biological molecules containing sulfur, especially methionine cystine, and biotin. The prize was for solving the structure of the peptide hormone oxytocin and synthesizing an active molecule. (See Monday's Molecule #244.) From 1938 to 1967 Vigneaud's lab was at Cornell Medical College in New York City.

Here's part of the Presentation Speech.

THEME:
Nobel Laureates

Underneath the brain, there is a small, well-protected gland, the pituitary gland. In man it is about as big as a bean. There are secreted several hormones, that is, substances which regulate important physiological functions. spite of its small size, the pituitary gland is made up of several distinct parts with different functions. We are interested here in the posterior lobe, which contains two substances called oxytocin and vasopressin. The former stimulates the contractions of the uterus and also the lactation, the latter raises the blood pressure and regulates the function of the kidneys. As early as in 1933, when rather impure preparations from the posterior lobe were used in experiments, du Vigneaud found a high percentage of sulphur, which seemed to be correlated to the physiological activity.

Using the experimental methods, which the development of science has put at his disposal and making the best of his own intimate knowledge of the organic chemistry of sulphur, du Vigneaud has step by step forced his way. Both hormones were isolated in a state of purity, and it was found that they are built up from amino acids in the same way as proteins, but with a far lower molecular weight. Such compounds are, as distinguished from real proteins, called polypeptides. The nature of the amino acids and their positions in the molecule could be determined. The sulphur is present in cystine. The two hormones have a very similar structure; both contain eight amino acids, connected to a chain, which at one point is closed to a ring. The molecule has some resemblance to a figure six or nine, where the loop contains five amino acids and the “tail” three. Two sulphur atoms, linked to each other, form a part of the ring.

The design of the molecule was thus known. It remained to build it up by synthesis and check the correctness of the design. That was perhaps the most difficult part of the work. The interest was first concentrated on the synthesis of oxytocin. Step by step the amino-acid chain was built up with the two sulphur atoms in the proper positions, one at the end of the chain and the other near the middle. At last the ring was closed by formation of a bond between the sulphur atoms. Now followed the most thrilling moment, the testing of the chemical properties and the physiological activity; perhaps there had been some mistake after all. It turned out, however, that the synthetic polypeptide was identical with the natural product.



The images of the Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation (© The Nobel Foundation). They are used here, with permission, for educational purposes only.

Monday, October 21, 2024

Monday's Molecule #244

You can use whatever tricks you want to identify today's molecule but I'll be really impressed with anyone who recognizes it right away. Regular readers will know that it's related to at least one Nobel Prize Laureate who will be revealed on Wednesday. I don't think that's going to help you very much.

Email your answer to me at: Monday's Molecule #244. The first one with the correct answer wins. I will only post the names of winners to avoid embarrassment. The winner will be treated to a free coffee and donut at Tim Hortons if you are ever in Toronto or Mississauga (Ontario, Canada).

There could be two winners. If the first correct answer isn't from an undergraduate student then I'll select a second winner from those undergraduates who post the correct answer. You will need to identify yourself as an undergraduate in order to win. (Put "undergraduate" at the bottom of your email message.)

In order to win you must give your correct name. Anonymous and pseudoanonymous players can't win.

Comments are closed for at least 24 hours.

UPDATE: The winner is Santi Garcia-Vallve who correctly guessed that the molecule is the peptide hormone oxytocin. Santi lives in Spain so he won't be able to collect his coffee and donut anytime soon.

Winners

#145, Oct. 17, 2011: Bill Chaney, Roger Fan
#146, Oct. 24, 2011: DK
#147, Oct. 31, 2011: Joseph C. Somody
#148, Nov. 7, 2011: Jason Oakley
#149, Nov. 15, 2011: Thomas Ferraro, Vipulan Vigneswaran
#150, Nov. 21, 2011: Vipulan Vigneswaran (honorary mention to Raul A. Félix de Sousa)
#151, Nov. 28, 2011: Philip Rodger
#152, Dec. 5, 2011: 凌嘉誠 (Alex Ling)
#153, Dec. 12, 2011: Bill Chaney
#154, Dec. 19, 2011: Joseph C. Somody
#155, Jan. 9, 2012: Dima Klenchin
#156, Jan. 23, 2012: David Schuller
#157, Jan. 30, 2012: Peter Monaghan
#158, Feb. 7, 2012: Thomas Ferraro, Charles Motraghi
#159, Feb. 13, 2012: Joseph C. Somody
#160, March 5, 2012: Albi Celaj
#161, March 12, 2012: Bill Chaney, Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#162, March 19, 2012: no winner
#163, March 26, 2012: John Runnels, Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#164, April 2, 2012: Sean Ridout
#165, April 9, 2012: no winner
#166, April 16, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#167, April 23, 2012: Dima Klenchin, Deena Allan
#168, April 30, 2012: Sean Ridout
#169, May 7, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#170, May 14, 2012: no winner
#171, May 21, 2012: no winner
#172, May 29, 2012: Mike Hamilton, Dmitri Tchigvintsev
#173, June 4, 2012: Bill Chaney, Matt McFarlane
#174, June 18, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#175, June 25, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#176, July 2, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#177, July 16, 2012: Sean Ridout, William Grecia
#178, July 23, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#179, July 30, 2012: Bill Chaney and Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#180, Aug. 7, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#181, Aug. 13, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#182, Aug. 20, 2012: Stephen Spiro
#183, Aug. 27, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#184, Sept. 3, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#185, Sept. 10, 2012: Matt Talarico
#186, Sept. 17, 2012: no winner
#187, Sept. 24, 2012: Mikkel Rasmussen
#188, Oct. 1, 2012: John Runnels
#189, Oct. 8, 2012: Raúl Mancera
#190, Oct. 15, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#191, Oct. 22, 2012: Mikkel Rasmussen
#192, Nov. 12, 2012: Seth Kasowitz, Bill Gunn
#193, Nov. 19, 2012: Michael Rasmussen
#194, Dec. 4, 2012: Paul Clapham, Jacob Toth
#195, Dec. 10, 2012: Jacob Toth
#196, Dec. 17, 2012: Bill Chaney, Dima Klenchin, Bill Gunn
#197, Jan. 14, 2013: Evey Salara
#198, Jan. 21, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski
#199, March 11, 2013: Bill Gunn, River Jiang
#200, March 18, 2013: Bill Gunn
#201, April 8, 2013: Michael Florea
#202, April 15, 2013: no winner
#203, April 29, 2013: Anders Ernberg
#204, May 6, 2013: Alex Ling, Michael Florea
#205, May 13, 2013: Bill Chaney
#206, June 24, 2013: Michael Florea
#207, July 2, 2013: Matt McFarlane
#208, July 8, 2013: no winner
#209, July 15, 2013: Rosie Redfield, Thuc Quyen Huynh
#210, July 22, 2013: Jacob Toth
#211, July 29, 2013: Alex Ling, Matt McFarlane
#212, August 5, 2013: Brian Shewchuk
#213, Sept. 2, 2013: no winner
#214, Sept. 9, 2013: Bill Chaney
#215, Sept. 16, 2013: Zhimeng Yu
#216, Sept. 23, 2013: Mark Sturtevant, Jacob Toth
#217, Sept. 30, 2013: Susan Heaphy
#218, Oct. 7, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski, Jacob Troth
#219, Oct. 14, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#220, Oct. 21, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#221, Oct. 28, 2013: Zhimeng Yu
#222, Nov. 10, 2013: Caroline Josefsson, Andrew Wallace
#223, Nov. 18, 2013: Dean Bruce, Ariel Gershon
#224, Nov. 25, 2013: Jon Nuelle, Ariel Gershon
#225, Dec. 2, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#226, Dec. 9, 2013: Bill Gunn
#227, Dec. 16, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski
#228, Jan. 13, 2014: Tom Mueller
#229, Jan. 20, 2014: Tommy Stuleanu
#230, Jan. 27, 2014: Bill Gunn, Ariel Gershon
#231; March 3, 2014: Keith Conover, Nevraj Kejiou
#232, March 10, 2014: Philip Johnson
#233, March 17, 2014: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#234, March 24, 2014: Frank Schmidt, Raul Félix de Sousa
#235, March 31, 2014: Jon Binkley
#236, April 7, 2014: no winner
#237, April 21, 2014: Dean Bruce
#238, April 28, 2014: Dean Bruce
#239, May 5, 2014: Piotr Gąsiorowski
#240, May 12, 2014: James Wagstaff
#241, May 19, 2014: no winner
#242, Oct. 7, 2024: Elie Huvier
#243, Oct. 14, 2024: Mikkel Rasmussen
#244, Oct. 21, 2024: Santi Garcia-Vallve

Wednesday, October 16, 2024

Nobel Laureates Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"

Michael S. Brown and Joseph L.Goldstein won the Nobel Prize in 1985 for discovering the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, a cell surface protein that binds lipid-protein complexes containing cholesterol. (See Monday's Molecule #243.)

Here's part of the Press Release.

THEME:
Nobel Laureates

Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein have through their discoveries revolutionized our knowledge about the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and the treatment of diseases caused by abnormally elevated cholesterol levels in the blood. They found that cells on their surfaces have receptors which mediate the uptake of the cholesterol-containing particles called low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that circulate in the blood stream. Brown and Goldstein have discovered that the underlying mechanism to the severe hereditary familial hypercholesterolemia is a complete, or partial, lack of functional LDL-receptors. In normal individuals the uptake of dietary cholesterol inhibits the cells own synthesis of cholesterol. As a consequence the number of LDL-receptors on the cell surface is reduced. This leads to increased levels of cholesterol in the blood which subsequently may accumulate in the wall of arteries causing atherosclerosis and eventually a heart attack or a stroke. Brown and Goldstein’s discoveries have lead to new principles for treatment, and prevention, of atherosclerosis.



The images of the Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation (© The Nobel Foundation). They are used here, with permission, for educational purposes only.

Monday, October 14, 2024

Monday's Molecule #243

Today's molecule is quite complicated. It's the extracellular domain of a membrane protein.2 You can use whatever tricks you want to identify it. Regular readers will know that it's related to at least one Nobel Prize Laureate who will be revealed on Wednesday. I don't think that's going to help you very much.

Email your answer to me at: Monday's Molecule #242. The first one with the correct answer wins. I will only post the names of winners to avoid embarrassment. The winner will be treated to a free coffee and donut at Tim Hortons if you are ever in Toronto or Mississauga (Ontario, Canada).1

There could be two winners. If the first correct answer isn't from an undergraduate student then I'll select a second winner from those undergraduates who post the correct answer. You will need to identify yourself as an undergraduate in order to win. (Put "undergraduate" at the bottom of your email message.)

In order to win you must post your correct name. Anonymous and pseudoanonymous commenters can't win.

Comments are closed for at least 24 hours.

UPDATE: The winner is Mikkel Rasmussen who correctly guessed that the protein is the extracellular domain of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. Sadly, Mikkel lives in a faraway country that doesn't have a Tim Hortons so he won't get to enjoy a honey cruller or chocolate dip donut.

Winners

#145, Oct. 17, 2011: Bill Chaney, Roger Fan
#146, Oct. 24, 2011: DK
#147, Oct. 31, 2011: Joseph C. Somody
#148, Nov. 7, 2011: Jason Oakley
#149, Nov. 15, 2011: Thomas Ferraro, Vipulan Vigneswaran
#150, Nov. 21, 2011: Vipulan Vigneswaran (honorary mention to Raul A. Félix de Sousa)
#151, Nov. 28, 2011: Philip Rodger
#152, Dec. 5, 2011: 凌嘉誠 (Alex Ling)
#153, Dec. 12, 2011: Bill Chaney
#154, Dec. 19, 2011: Joseph C. Somody
#155, Jan. 9, 2012: Dima Klenchin
#156, Jan. 23, 2012: David Schuller
#157, Jan. 30, 2012: Peter Monaghan
#158, Feb. 7, 2012: Thomas Ferraro, Charles Motraghi
#159, Feb. 13, 2012: Joseph C. Somody
#160, March 5, 2012: Albi Celaj
#161, March 12, 2012: Bill Chaney, Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#162, March 19, 2012: no winner
#163, March 26, 2012: John Runnels, Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#164, April 2, 2012: Sean Ridout
#165, April 9, 2012: no winner
#166, April 16, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#167, April 23, 2012: Dima Klenchin, Deena Allan
#168, April 30, 2012: Sean Ridout
#169, May 7, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#170, May 14, 2012: no winner
#171, May 21, 2012: no winner
#172, May 29, 2012: Mike Hamilton, Dmitri Tchigvintsev
#173, June 4, 2012: Bill Chaney, Matt McFarlane
#174, June 18, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#175, June 25, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#176, July 2, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#177, July 16, 2012: Sean Ridout, William Grecia
#178, July 23, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#179, July 30, 2012: Bill Chaney and Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#180, Aug. 7, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#181, Aug. 13, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#182, Aug. 20, 2012: Stephen Spiro
#183, Aug. 27, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#184, Sept. 3, 2012: Matt McFarlane
#185, Sept. 10, 2012: Matt Talarico
#186, Sept. 17, 2012: no winner
#187, Sept. 24, 2012: Mikkel Rasmussen
#188, Oct. 1, 2012: John Runnels
#189, Oct. 8, 2012: Raúl Mancera
#190, Oct. 15, 2012: Raul A. Félix de Sousa
#191, Oct. 22, 2012: Mikkel Rasmussen
#192, Nov. 12, 2012: Seth Kasowitz, Bill Gunn
#193, Nov. 19, 2012: Michael Rasmussen
#194, Dec. 4, 2012: Paul Clapham, Jacob Toth
#195, Dec. 10, 2012: Jacob Toth
#196, Dec. 17, 2012: Bill Chaney, Dima Klenchin, Bill Gunn
#197, Jan. 14, 2013: Evey Salara
#198, Jan. 21, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski
#199, March 11, 2013: Bill Gunn, River Jiang
#200, March 18, 2013: Bill Gunn
#201, April 8, 2013: Michael Florea
#202, April 15, 2013: no winner
#203, April 29, 2013: Anders Ernberg
#204, May 6, 2013: Alex Ling, Michael Florea
#205, May 13, 2013: Bill Chaney
#206, June 24, 2013: Michael Florea
#207, July 2, 2013: Matt McFarlane
#208, July 8, 2013: no winner
#209, July 15, 2013: Rosie Redfield, Thuc Quyen Huynh
#210, July 22, 2013: Jacob Toth
#211, July 29, 2013: Alex Ling, Matt McFarlane
#212, August 5, 2013: Brian Shewchuk
#213, Sept. 2, 2013: no winner
#214, Sept. 9, 2013: Bill Chaney
#215, Sept. 16, 2013: Zhimeng Yu
#216, Sept. 23, 2013: Mark Sturtevant, Jacob Toth
#217, Sept. 30, 2013: Susan Heaphy
#218, Oct. 7, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski, Jacob Troth
#219, Oct. 14, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#220, Oct. 21, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#221, Oct. 28, 2013: Zhimeng Yu
#222, Nov. 10, 2013: Caroline Josefsson, Andrew Wallace
#223, Nov. 18, 2013: Dean Bruce, Ariel Gershon
#224, Nov. 25, 2013: Jon Nuelle, Ariel Gershon
#225, Dec. 2, 2013: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#226, Dec. 9, 2013: Bill Gunn
#227, Dec. 16, 2013: Piotr Gasiorowski
#228, Jan. 13, 2014: Tom Mueller
#229, Jan. 20, 2014: Tommy Stuleanu
#230, Jan. 27, 2014: Bill Gunn, Ariel Gershon
#231; March 3, 2014: Keith Conover, Nevraj Kejiou
#232, March 10, 2014: Philip Johnson
#233, March 17, 2014: Jean-Marc Neuhaus
#234, March 24, 2014: Frank Schmidt, Raul Félix de Sousa
#235, March 31, 2014: Jon Binkley
#236, April 7, 2014: no winner
#237, April 21, 2014: Dean Bruce
#238, April 28, 2014: Dean Bruce
#239, May 5, 2014: Piotr Gąsiorowski
#240, May 12, 2014: James Wagstaff
#241, May 19, 2014: no winner
#242, Oct. 7, 2024: Elie Huvier
#243, Oct. 14, 2024: Mikkel Rasmussen

1. I still owe some previous winners. If you are one of them, then you should email me to set up a time and place.

2. The figure is from Rudenko, G., Henry, L., Henderson, K., Ichtchenko, K., Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L., and Deisenhofer, J. (2002) Structure of the LDL receptor extracellular domain at endosomal pH. Science, 298(5602), 2353-2358. [doi: 10.1126/science.1078124