Scientific American: The Evolution of Evolution

 
The latest edition of Scientific American is all about "The Evolution of Evolution."

Here's how the editor-in-chief, John Rennie introduces the articles.

When Charles Darwin published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, he touched off a Cambrian explosion in evolutionary thought. Naturalists had theorized about evolution for centuries before him, but their ideas were generally unfruitful, untestable or wrong. Darwin's breakthrough insight was not that a simple mechanism—natural selection—made evolution possible. Rather it was that in organisms whose environments changed nonrandomly and whose reproductive success in that environment depended on inherited traits, evolution became inevitable.

In the decades that followed, Darwin's ideas connected up with the nascent field of genetics and then, at an ever quickening pace, with molecular biology, ecology and embryology. The explanatory power his concepts proved irresistible. Today 200 years after his birth and 150 years after "Origin of Species," Darwin's legacy is a larger, richer, more diverse set of theories than he could have imagined.

You will enjoy reading the articles to see exactly what Scientific American means when they talk of a "richer, more diverse set of theories." Here's the list.

SciAm Perspectives: A Theory for Everyman; by The Editors; 1 Page

Evolution should be taught as a practical tool for understanding drug resistance and the price of fish.

Darwin's Living Legacy; by Gary Stix; 6 Pages

A Victorian amateur undertook a lifetime pursuit of slow, meticulous observation and thought about the natural world, producing a theory 150 years ago that still drives the contemporary scientific agenda.

Testing Natural Selection; by H. Allen Orr; 8 Pages

Biologists working with the most sophisticated genetic tools are demonstrating that natural selection plays a greater role in the evolution of genes than even most evolutionists had thought.

From Atoms to Traits; by David M. Kingsley; 8 Pages

Charles Darwin saw that random variations in organisms provide fodder for evolution. Modern scientists are revealing how that diversity arises from changes to DNA and can add up to complex creatures or even cultures.

The Human Pedigree; by Kate Wong; 4 Pages

Some 180 years after unearthing the first human fossil, paleontologists have amassed a formidable record of our forebears.

This Old Body; by Neil H. Shubin; 4 Pages

Evolutionary hand-me-downs inherited from fish and tadpoles have left us with hernias, hiccups and other maladies.

What Will Become of Homo sapiens?; by Peter Ward; 6 Pages

Contrary to popular belief, humans continue to evolve. Our bodies and brains are not the same as our ancestors’ were—or as our descendants’ will be.

Four Fallacies of Pop Evolutionary Psychology; by David J. Buller; 8 Pages

Some evolutionary psychologists have made widely popularized claims about how the human mind evolved, but other scholars argue that the grand claims lack solid evidence.

Evolution in the Everyday World; by David P. Mindell; 8 Pages

Understanding of evolution is fostering powerful technologies for health care, law enforcement, ecology, and all manner of optimization and design problems.

The Science of Spore; by Ed Regis; 2 Pages

A computer game illustrates the difference between building your own simulated creature and real-life natural selection.

The Latest Face of Creationism; by Glenn Branch and Eugenie C. Scott; 8 Pages

Creationists who want religious ideas taught as scientific fact in public schools continue to adapt to courtroom defeats by hiding their true aims under ever changing guises.

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Gene Genie #41

 
The 41th edition of Gene Genie has been posted at ScienceRoll [Gene Genie #41: Carnivalome].

Gene Genie is the blog carnival of clinical genetics and personalized medicine. I’ve received more than 25 submissions for this edition which is dedicated to the human genome and videos in clinical genetics.

The beautiful logo was created by Ricardo at My Biotech Life.

The purpose of this carnival is to highlight the genetics of one particular species, Homo sapiens.

Here are all the previous editions .....

1. Scienceroll
2. Sciencesque
3. Genetics and Health
4. Sandwalk
5. Neurophilosophy
6. Scienceroll
7. Gene Sherpa
8. Eye on DNA
9. DNA Direct Talk
10. Genomicron
11. Med Journal Watch
12. My Biotech Life
13. The Genetic Genealogist
14. MicrobiologyBytes
15. Cancer Genetics
16. Neurophilosophy
17. The Gene Sherpa
18. Eye on DNA
19. Scienceroll
20. Bitesize Bio
21. BabyLab
22. Sandwalk
23. Scienceroll
24. biomarker-driven mental health 2.0
25. The Gene Sherpa
26. Sciencebase
27. DNA Direct Talk
28. Greg Laden’s Blog
29. My Biotech Life
30. Gene Expression
31. Adaptive Complexity
32. Highlight Health
33. Neurophilosophy
34. ScienceRoll
35. Microbiology Bytes
36. Human Genetic Disordrs
37. The Genetic Genealogist
38. ScienceRoll
39. Genetics & Health
40. Human Genetics Disorders
41. ScienceRoll

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Epigenetics at SEED

Epigenetics is one of the latest fads in biology. It arises out of evo-devo and its proponents tell us that epigenetics will transform the way we think about evolution. I've been trying to understand this phenomenon starting with some simple questions about what, exactly, is so new. I'd be happy if someone could just explain what they mean by "epigenetics" [Epigenetics in New Scientist, Epigenetics Revisited, Epigenetics, Epigenetics Again].

Eva Jablonka is a Professor at the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel-Aviv University (Israel). Jablonka was one of the 16 people who met in Alterberg, Austria last summer to discuss the faults in modern evolutionary biology. She writes an article entitled "Extending Darwinism" in the latest issue of SEED magazine.

I and several other biologists believe the MS [Modern Synthesis¹] is in need of serious revision. Growing evidence indicated that there is more to heredity than DNA, that heritable non-DNA variations can take place during development, sometimes in response to an organism's environment. The notion of soft inheritance is returning to reputable scientific inquiry. Moreover, there seem to be cellular mechanisms activated during periods of extreme stress that trigger bursts of genetic and non-genetic heritable variations, inducing rapid evolutionary change. These realizations promise to profoundly alter our view of evolutionary dynamics.

Nothing new here, folks. It's just the same old gibberish that we've been hearing for the past several years.

If there is as much natural variation induced by environmental factors as lab studies suggest, then rapid evolutionary change could occur without any genetic change at all.

Eva Jablonka
But there is one thing that's worth noting. Eva Jablonka has done what few of her fellow epigeneticists have attempted. She defines what she means by epigenetics!

Epigenetics is a term that includes all the processes underlying developmental flexibility and stability, and epigenetic inheritance is part of this. Epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of developmental variations that have nothing to do with changes in the DNA base sequences. In its broad sense, it covers the transmission of any differences that do not depend on gene differences, so it encompasses the cultural inheritance of different religious beliefs in humans and song dialects in birds. It even includes the developmental legacies that a young mammal may receive from its mother through her placenta or milk—transmitted antibodies, for example, or chemical traces that tell the youngsters what the mother has been eating and, therefore, what they should eat.

Yes, but does it include the kitchen sink?

The good thing about incorporating these things into evolutionary theory is that it solves the problem of creationism. As long as creationism is passed on from parent to child then it becomes part of evolution. Isn't that cool?

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1. Her version of the Modern Synthesis only includes natural selection.

A Holy Alliance?

 
Mario Beauregard is an Associate Researcher in the Departments of Radiology and Psychology at the University of Montreal in Montreal, Quebce, Canada. He is best known as the co-author of The Spiritual Brain with Denyse O'Leary.

Jeffrey M. Schwartz is a research psychiatrist at the School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles (USA). He signed the Discovery Institute's "Scientific Dissent from Darwinism" statement.

Beauregard and Schwartz joined in a holy alliance to write a letter of protest to New Scientist concerning an article published a few months ago. The article was critical of people like Beauregard and Schwartz who mix religion and science.

Your writer's attempt to smear scientists who are looking for new directions, while perhaps entertaining, is a poor substitute for thoughtful coverage of a growing area.

Perhaps we should be looking to writers like Denyse O'Leary for thoughtful coverage?

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The Problem with Microarrays

 
From The Endeavour by John D. Cook: Why microarray study conclusions are so often wrong and from Reproducible Results: Three reasons to distrust microarray results

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[Hat Tip: A Blog Around the Clock]

Does Your Heart Bleed for Jodi?

 
Times are tough these days. People have lost their jobs and many are struggling to put food on the table and keep a roof over their heads. Christmas is not going to be a happy time in many households across North America.

The New York Times, bless its heart, is not unaware of what's going on. Lisa Foderaro has written an article that's sure to bring a tear to your eye as she documents the devastating effect of job loss on the life of a teenager [As the Rich Get Poorer, Teenagers Feel the Crunch ].

Jodi Hamilton began her senior year of high school in Woodcliff Lake, N.J., this fall on the usual prosperous footing. Her parents were providing a weekly allowance of $100 and paying for private Pilates classes, as well as a physics tutor who reported once a week to their 4,000-square-foot home.

But in October, Jodi’s mother lost her job managing a huge dental practice in the Bronx, then landed one closer to home that requires more hours for less money. Pilates was dropped, along with takeout sushi dinners, and Jodi’s allowance, which covers lunch during the week, slipped to $60. Instead of having a tutor, Jodi has become a tutor, earning $150 a week through that and baby-sitting.

“I just thought it would be responsible to get a job and have my own money so my parents didn’t have to pay for everything,” said Jodi, who is 17. “I always like to be saving up for something that I have my eye on — a ring, a necklace, a handbag.”

Later on in the article we hear about some other teenagers who have been forced to find a job.

Teenagers from working- and middle-class families are, of course, feeling similar — if not more acute — pressure. Sumit Pal, 17, a senior at Information Technology High School in Queens, said his parents cut his $5 weekly allowance two months ago after the deli where his father works started to lose business. Sumit was interviewed two weeks ago for a job at a company that sponsors rock bands.

“I don’t mind losing my allowance,” he said. “It goes toward other things, like groceries.”

How nice of Ms. Foderaro to mention that the lower classes are also, "of course," feeling the pinch.

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[Hat Tip: Canadian Cynic pointed to this posting on The Vanity Press: Pitchforks and Torches Time]

What Is the Scientific Method?

 

There are lots of interesting things in this month's issue of SEED magazine. One of them is a survey of scientists in the USA, UK, France and Germany.

SEED magazine conducted a survey where it asked the following question of 1000 scientists in the USA, UK, France, and Germany: "Does the scientific method describe how you do science?" [SEED: State of Science].

81% said "yes."

I would answer "no" but my answer depends very much on what I think the question means. I think it's fair to use the common understanding of the "scientific method," the one that's taught in fifth grade.

Here's the simple version that's described on the Wikipedia site [Scientific Method].

1. Use your experience: Consider the problem and try to make sense of it. Look for previous explanations. If this is a new problem to you, then move to step 2.
2. Form a conjecture: When nothing else is yet known, try to state an explanation, to someone else, or to your notebook.
3. Deduce a prediction from that explanation: If you assume 2 is true, what consequences follow?
4. Test : Look for the opposite of each consequence in order to disprove 2. It is a logical error to seek 3 directly as proof of 2. This error is called affirming the consequent.

Is this what most people think about when they hear the term "scientific method"?

If you are a scientist, how would you have answered the SEED question and what definition of "scientific method" do you have in mind?

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Religious Scientists

 
There are lots of interesting things in this month's issue of SEED magazine. One of them is a survey of scientists in the USA, UK, France and Germany.

SEED asked a total of 1000 scientists whether they were "atheist or agnostic," "practicing nonbelievers," "believers," or "spiritual" [SEED: State of Science].

Here's the result, in percent, for each of the four choices.

USA: atheist = 17%, nonbelievers = 6%, believers = 53%, spiritual = 24%
UK: atheist = 44%, nonbelievers = 10%, believers = 35%, spiritual = 11%
France: atheist = 50%, nonbelievers = 6%, believers = 39%, spiritual = 5%
Germany: atheist = 40%, nonbelievers = 24%, believers = 32%, spiritual = 4%

I find this surprising. The distribution isn't that much different from the general public in each of the countries. I was under the impression that scientists are considerably less religious than the society in which they live.

Perhaps this is because the SEED definition of scientist is more flexible than the one I would use. Here's the breakdown of their survey group.

Social Science: 24%
Medicine: 23%
Life Sciences: 15%
Engineering: 12%
Physical Sciences: 9%
Computer Science: 9%
Mathematics: 8%

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Richard Cizik Resigns

 
Most of you have never heard of Richard Cizik. Let me explain why his resignation is important.

A few days ago I posted an opinion on framing and referred you to Matt Nisbet who claims that Richard Cizik is a good example of how to present science to the general public. Cizik is Vice President for governmental affairs of the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE). Nisbet thinks he is the top climate communicator [see Communicating the Truth about Climate Change].

I quoted from Nisbet's blog where he refers approvingly to a Cizik interview with Terry Gross.

Yesterday Christianity Today announced that Richard Cizik has been forced to resign his position in the National Association of Evangelicals [Richard Cizik Resigns from the National Association of Evangelicals]

Richard Cizik resigned Wednesday night as vice president for governmental affairs of the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) during a week of growing uproar over his comments that he is shifting his views on same-sex unions.

"Although he has subsequently expressed regret, apologized, and affirmed our values, there is a loss of trust in his credibility as a spokesperson among leaders and constituencies," Leith Anderson, president of the NAE wrote to board members today. Cizik did not return calls for comment.

Last year, more than two dozen evangelical leaders sought to oust Cizik, who has been vice president for 28 years, because of his "relentless campaign" on global warming.

"For better or for worse, Rich became a great, polarizing figure," said Charles Colson of Prison Fellowship. "He was gradually, over a period of time, separating himself from the mainstream of evangelical belief and conviction. So I'm not surprised. I'm sorry for him, but I'm not disappointed for the evangelical movement."

Cizik spoke mostly on the environment in a December 2 interview with Terry Gross on National Public Radio's Fresh Air, but he made brief remarks about same-sex civil unions, gay marriage, and his early support of President-elect Barack Obama.

In a short portion of the program, Gross asked him, "A couple of years ago when you were on our show, I asked you if you were changing your mind on that. And two years ago, you said you were still opposed to gay marriage. But now as you identify more with younger voters, would you say you have changed on gay marriage?"

Cizik responded, "I'm shifting, I have to admit. In other words, I would willingly say that I believe in civil unions. I don't officially support redefining marriage from its traditional definition, I don't think."

I wonder if Matt still thinks that Richard Cizik is the best example of successful framing?

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[Hat Tip: Friendly Atheist: Christian Leader Resigns Because of His Almost-Tolerant Views of Homosexuals]

Noah's Ark

 
Yesterday I dropped a hint about a plastic model of Noah's Ark. I suggested it might make a good gift ... in case anyone was thinking about gifts.

Ms. Sandwalk was a bit insulted 'cause we already have a perfectly good ark that she made—complete with animals. Here's a photo of her work. I have to admit that it's a lot better than the plastic model.

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Matt Nisbet Explains His Anti-Dawkins Spin

 
Here's Mat Nisbet explaining why Richard Dawkins is such an evil person. In the second part of this video he tries to explain why scientists don't like Matt Nisbet very much.

The most interesting question is near the end of the video when he states that no one would ever criticize the National Academies for misrepresenting science in order to make it seem compatible with religion. He knows that this is not true (e.g., An Example of Framing by Matt Nisbet). We have a word for people who delberately say things they know to be untrue ... it's called framing.

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Belief in Astrology Falls to Second Last Place!

 
According to the latest Harris Poll only 31% of Americans believe in astrology and only 24% believe that they were once another person.

Other interesting facts are that a substantial majority of Americans believe in multiple supernatural beings (polytheism). Besides the regular God, they believe in angels and the devil.

	Believe In	Don't Believe In	Not Sure
	%	%	%
God	80	10	9
Miracles	75	14	12
Heaven	73	14	13
Jesus is God or the Son of God	71	17	12
Angels	71	17	12
The resurrection of Jesus Christ	70	18	13
Survival of the soul after death	68	15	17
Hell	62	24	13
The Virgin birth	61	24	15
The devil	59	27	14
Darwin’s theory of evolution	47	32	22
Ghosts	44	39	17
Creationism	40	31	29
UFOs	36	39	25
Witches	31	54	14
Astrology	31	51	18
Reincarnation–that you were once another person	24	53	23

In other news, 37% believe that the Old Testament is the word of God but only 14% believe The Torah is the word of God.

15% say they are not at all religious and 10% don't beleive in God.

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Denyse O'Leary Loses!

 
The results are in and Denyse O'Leary's blog Post-Darwinist did not win in the Best Canadian Sci/Tech category. Here are the final results from Best Sci/Tech Blog of 2008.

1. Sync, the Tech & Gadgets Blog 108 votes 35.29%
2. Synchro Blogue 87 votes 28.43%
3. DeSmogBlog 56 votes 18.3%
4. Post Darwinist 31 votes 10.13%
5. Dusan Writer 24 votes 7.84%

Bill Dembski demonstrates that he has been following the vote very closely. He also demonstrates why he is so good at math [Reinstating the Explanatory Filter].

P.S. Congrats to Denyse O’Leary, whose Post-Darwinist blog tied for third in the science and technology category from the Canadian Blog Awards.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

 
Yesterday was the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It was adopted on December 10, 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Most of the current members of the United Nations ignore the majority of articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights yet they are allowed to remain members of the United Nations.

PREAMBLE

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,

Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3.

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4.

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6.


Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7.

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8.

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10.

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11.

(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14.

(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15.

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16.

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17.

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19.

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21.

(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.

(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.

(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22.

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Article 23.

(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.

(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24.

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25.

(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26.

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27.

(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28.

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29.

(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.

(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30.

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

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A Lesson in How Parliamentary Government Works in Canada

 
Stephen Harper explains how the parliamentary system of government works in Canada.

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[Hat Tip: Canadian Cynic who notes that "sometimes this job [mocking Conservatives] is way too easy."

Succinate Dehydrogenase

The proper name for succinate dehydrogenase is succinate:quinone oxidoreductase (EC 1,3,5,1). It catalyzes the following reaction,


This is an oxidation-reduction reaction where succinate is oxidized and ubiquinone (Q) is reduced to ubiquinol (QH₂). In bacteria the quinone might be menaquinone.

The reaction is part of the citric acid cycle and it is also part of the membrane-associated electron transport system that couples oxidation-reduction reactions to the transfer of protons across a membrane. The resulting protonmotive force is used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Each year I challenge my students to find a website that correctly depicts the reactions of the citric acid cycle. This year I issued the same challenge to Sandwalk readers: Biochemistry on the Web: The Citric Acid Cycle. Nobody could find a correct version except for a few websites that copied it from my textbook.

The succinate dehydrogenase reaction is one of the reactions that everyone gets wrong. It's incorrect on almost all websites, class powerpoint slides, and also in most biochemistry textbooks. The standard error is to describe the reaction as ....

succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH₂

Let's see how the enzyme works so we can understand why that reaction is incorrect.

The structure of the E. coli enzyme is shown on the right [PDB 1NEK]. There are two polypeptide chains (subunits) making up the head portion of the enzyme at the bottom of the figure. The genes for these polypeptides are present in all species and they are well-conserved. There are one or two membrane-associated subunits (top) and these can differ from species to species.

An FAD coenzyme is covalently bound to the head region of the enzyme. This is the site where succinate is oxidized to fumarate and it projects into the cytoplasm of bacterial cells or the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotic cells. (Succinate dehdrogenase is a mitochondrial membrane protein.)

Electrons are passed sequentially to three iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and then to quinone. (The reduced form, quinol or QH₂, is shown in the structure.) Most versions of succinate dehydrogenase contain a heme b group in the membrane bound portion of the molecule. It's role is unclear. (See Succcinate Dehydrogenase and Evolution by Accident.)

Here's a schematic drawing of the oxidation-reduction reaction (right). The important point is that FAD is part of a short electron transfer chain from succinate to QH₂. FADH₂ can't be a product of the reaction because it never dissociates from the enzyme. The product is QH₂, which can diffuse in the membrane to complex III where it is oxidized.

There are dozens of enzymes that have similar internal electron transfer chains involving FAD or FMN. One of them, α-ketoglutarate deydrogenase is part of the citric acid cycle and another (complex I) is part of the membrane-associated electron transport chain. In these cases the products of the reaction are NADH₂ and NAD⁺. You never see flavin coenzyme listed as a product because it is a transient intermediate that never dissociates from the enzyme.

Succinate deydrogenase is the only example where there is confusion about the real product of the reaction. It's not clear why. Perhaps it's an historical anomaly dating back to the time forty years ago when the real product (QH₂) was unknown. That's not a very good excuse for getting it wrong in 2008.

There's one other interesting feature of this enzyme that's worth mentioning. Note that the reduction of Q is accompanied by the uptake of two protons (H⁺) from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. This is very important since these protons will eventually be released on the other side of the membrane in the next reaction. This contributes to the formation of a proton gradient across the membrane. (See Ubiquinone and the Proton Pump.)

Access to the active site of quinone reduction is restricted to a small channel that opens into the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Cheng et al. (2008) have identified a proton wire that leads from the cytoplasm to the quinone. A proton wire is a chain of protons—they are shown as red balls in the figure below. The opening to the cytoplasm is in the middle of this mirror-image view and the ubiquinone is identified as UQ.


As two protons are taken up by ubiquinone, the remaining ones in the proton wire shuffle along the channel and two are added at the other end where it opens to the cytoplasm. (The protons come from the ionization of water.)

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Cheng, V.W.T., Johnson, A., Rothery, R.A. and Weiner, J.H. (2008) Alternative Sites for Proton Entry from the Cytoplasm to the Quinone Binding Site in Escherichia coli Succinate Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 47:9107–9116 [DOI: 10.1021/bi801008e]

Hint

 
In my family we don't give gifts at Christmas (but we do have a Christmas tree and we do celebrate the season). We stopped giving gifts when the children were teenagers and it has eliminated a lot of the stress at this time of year. It also means that we don't have to pretend to like the cheesy presents that we used to get from distant relatives and acquaintances. Not to mention the cheesy ones from spouses.¹

However .... if anyone wants to give me a non-Christmas present just for fun, here's an excellent choice: Noah's Ark.


It would look really nice on my office bookshelf. Thanks to PZ Myers for finding this gem. Don't bother getting one for him, he doesn't seem to appreciate the quality workmanship and the attention to detail.

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1. Oops, did I say that out loud?

Communicating the Truth about Climate Change

 
There's an ongoing dispute about how to present science to the general public. People like Matt Nisbet and Chris Mooney advocate framing—another word for spin—in order to appeal to the public's perceived biases. They seem to be comfortable with a little "lying for science" as long as it serves the greater good.

Matt Nisbet and Chris Mooney are experts at recognizing that greater good even when others can't see it.

Many scientists—I am one— believe that scientists have to tell the truth no matter how much it might confuse the general public. We believe that evidence-based conclusions are the one thing that separates science from pseudoscience and scientists should never compromise the truth.

Here's an example of how climate change should be presented. It's from an editorial in the Dec. 6 issue of New Scientist [It's the Carbon Stupid].

It's time for heretical thinking on climate change. After two decades in which science has told us more and more about global warming, climate modellers may have to recognise that we have learned most of what we can from their number-crunching.

Some of the detailed forecasts about exactly what the climate will be like in Albuquerque or Basingstoke in 2050 or 2080 are little more than statistical noise, as physicist Lenny Smith underlines this week (see "Bad climate science"). Even the global picture may depend more than we like to admit on feedbacks and tipping points produced by a system that is inherently chaotic. We need to beware of the known unknowns and - whisper it - the unknown unknowns.

Some politicians still demand certainty from climate scientists and are sitting on their hands until they get it. But certainty may be no more available here than in that other troublesome discipline, economics. This is not a counsel for inaction, but for grown-up government: for doing what we know is needed in the face of uncertainty, and for taking actions like those called for this week by the British government's Committee on Climate Change, from decarbonising electricity generation to culling carbon-spewing vehicles and aircraft.

Here's another heresy. Perhaps the endless negotiations to frame a successor to the Kyoto protocol - currently in mid-grind in Poznan, Poland - are becoming an impediment to action. The protocol's various market devices, like cap-and-trade and the clean development mechanism, could now be holding up the technologies we know will do the job. Invented by the Clinton/Gore administration, should they now be jettisoned by Barack Obama? Michael Le Page believes so (see "Time for change on climate: an open letter to Barack Obama") and argues that taxing carbon would be a better plan. It would be a bold move. But just as past economic certainties are failing, maybe it is time to think the unthinkable here too.

The point of this editorial is that there's no reason to be overly alarmist and there's no reason why we can't admit that our climate models are flawed. The bottom line is that we know the climate is warming and we know that we are contributing to the cause. It's time to do something.

The contrasting approach to communicating science is wonderfully described by Matt Nisbet on his blog. Today's posting talks about America's Top Climate Communicator. Matt is not happy with the choices being offered. He proposes his own choice for top climate communicator: the Reverend Richard Cizik, VP for Governmental Affairs of the National Association of Evangelicals.

To back up his nomination Matt quotes from a recent interview ...

GROSS: I imagine you didn't agree with Sarah Palin on environmental issues. For example, her emphasis on drill, baby, drill, and also the fact that she said she wasn't sure if human behavior contributed to climate change. Now, climate change and the environment are issues you're trying to put much more toward the top of the evangelical agenda.

REV. CIZIK: Yeah, I couldn't - you're right. I couldn't have disagreed with her more. Just a year ago, we found out from climate scientists that the melt in the Arctic had turned into a rout. It was happening so fast it was as if your hair turned gray overnight. Now, I have a receding hairline, but I don't have my hair turning gray overnight. Well, that's what happened with the environment. An area the size of Colorado was disappearing every week, and the Northwest Passage was staying wide open all September for the first time in history. And so, to look at this and not see what's happening, I think is, well, it was sort of the ignorance is strength idea. Well, not. It's not strength. Look, strength is knowing what's happening to the world around us, and moreover, as a Christian, we can't claim to love the Creator and abuse the world in which we live. To do so is like claiming to be a fan of Shakespeare and then burn his plays....

...I'm always looking for ways to reframe issues, give the biblical point of view a different slant, if you will, and look it - we have to. The whole world, literally, the planet, is changing around us. And if you don't change the way you think and adapt, especially to things like climate change, scientists like Bob Doppelt, he says, well, if you don't adapt and change your thinking, you may ultimately be a loser because climate change, in his mind, he is a systems analyst, has the capacity to determine the winners and losers, and your life will never be the same, growing up during, I say, the great warming. Our grandparents grew up during the Great Depression. Our parents, well, they lived in the aftermath of that and became probably, the most, well, the greediest generation and our generation, this younger one, needs to be the greenest....

If I have to choose between the New Scientist editorial and Rev. Cizik then New Scientist wins hands down.

What do you think? Is Rev. Cizik going to convince you that he understands the science behind climate change?¹

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1. The area of Colorado is 269,837 km² and the area of the entire Arctic ocean is 14,056,000 km², which 52× the area of Colorado.

This Doesn't Seem Right ...

 
Scientific American is reporting on a growing trend among field biologists. When they discover a new species they sell the right to name it [Name that species--After yourself, Purdue auction suggests].

Naming your kid after you is one thing. But imagine if an entire species were named for you.

This week, Purdue University is auctioning off the rights to name seven newly discovered bats and two turtles, the Associated Press is reporting. The winners — who will shell out a minimum of $250,000 for at least one of the bats, a Purdue spokesman told ScientificAmerican.com — can link their own name or that of a pal to the animal’s scientific name.

"Unlike naming a building or something like that, this is much more permanent. This will last as long as we have our society," John Bickham, who co-discovered the nine species, told the AP.

In the ongoing battle between splitters and lumpers, you can bet that the splitters are going to gain the upper hand if they can earn so much money by creating a new species.

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Nobel Laureate: Walter Gilbert

 

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980.

"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"




Walter Gilbert (1932 - ) was awarded the Nobel Prize for developing a chemical method of sequencing DNA (with Allan Maxam). The method relied on chemical reactions that cleaved DNA at specific residues. By carrying out partial reactions where only one cleavage occurred in each DNA strand, it was possible to separate the cleavage products on an acrylamide gel and determine the position of each residue by the length of the fragment.

The chemical sequencing strategy has been replaced by the chain-termination technique of Fred Sanger who shared the Nobel Prize with Gilbert.

A brief description of DNA sequencing can be found on the Wikipedia site at DNA Sequencing.

On looking over the 1980 press release I came across this paragraph.

THEME:
Nobel Laureates

Gilbert and Sanger have independently developed different methods to determine the exact sequence of the nucleotide building blocks in DNA. Among applications of sequence methods may be mentioned that Gilbert has investigated the structure of those parts of a bacterial chromosome which control the reading (transcription) of the genetic message. Sanger is responsible for the first complete determination of the sequence of a DNA molecule. He has established the sequence of the 5375 building blocks in DNA from a bacterial virus called phi-X174. Sanger's method has also been used to determine the sequence of DNA from humans, which led to the surprising discovery that the genetic code is not universal, i.e. it is not the same in all living organisms, from viruses and bacteria to man.

I have no idea what they are referring to here when they mention the non-universality of the genetic code. I don't recall any revelations back in 1980. Are they referring to slight differences in mitochondria?

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The images of the Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation (© The Nobel Foundation). They are used here, with permission, for educational purposes only.

[Photo Credit: NNDB, original source unknown.]

Monday's Molecule #100

 
This is the 100th edition of Monday's Molecule! Today's "molecule" is a chemical reaction in several steps.

Your task is to identify what's going on and relate it to a single Nobel Laureate.

The first one to correctly identify the molecule and name the Nobel Laureate, wins a free lunch at the Faculty Club. Previous winners are ineligible for one month from the time they first collected the prize. There are four ineligible candidates for this week's reward: Dale Hoyt from Athens, Georgia, Ms. Sandwalk from Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, Alex Ling of the University of Toronto, and Timothy Evans of the University of Pennsylvania. Dale and Ms. Sandwalk have offered to donate the free lunch to a deserving undergraduate so the first two undergraduates to win and collect a free lunch can also invite a friend. Alex gets the first one.

THEME:

Nobel Laureates
Send your guess to Sandwalk (sandwalk (at) bioinfo.med.utoronto.ca) and I'll pick the first email message that correctly identifies the "molecule" and names the Nobel Laureate(s). Note that I'm not going to repeat Nobel Laureate(s) so you might want to check the list of previous Sandwalk postings by clicking on the link in the theme box.

Correct responses will be posted tomorrow. I reserve the right to select multiple winners if several people get it right.

Comments will be blocked for 24 hours. Comments are now open.

UPDATE: The reactions lead to cleavage of DNA at G residues. This is part of the chemical sequencing strategy developed by Maxam and Gilbert in 1976. The Nobel Laureate is Walter Gilbert.

I was surprised at how many old fogies well-established scientists read Sandwalk. We have now produced an entire generation of scientists who will have never experienced this sequencing method but, nevertheless, the correct answers flooded in within a few hours. The first was from John Bothwell of the Marine Biological Association of the UK in Plymouth, UK. Congratulations! Are you free for lunch tomorrow, John, or do you want to take a rain check?

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How the Gipper "Wins"

 
Over on Uncommon Descent there was a discussion about macroevolution. The new moderator, Barry Arrington, was so impressed with the responses of his fellow IDiots that he draws attention to their comments in today's posting [UD Commenters Win One for the Gipper].

Below the fold I have reproduced an interesting comment thread in which ribczynski attacks ID proponents’ criticisms of macroevolution through NDE, and two ID proponents convincingly refute the Darwinist line.

Let's see how these two IDiots "refute" the Darwinian line by picking out one of the most common falsehoods that are often repeated by those who are completely ignorant of evolution.

gpuccio writes:

First of all there are saltations. Have you ever heard of “punctuated equilibrium”? That’s not an ID theory.

Jerry writes:

Gould said the whole history of the fossil record was one of apparent saltations. That was why he developed his absurd fix for Darwinian processes called punctuated equilibrium. I suggest you read Gould and as suggested by other, his ideas on punctuated equilibrium. Everybody immediately just lapped up his ideas and it is now part of the evolutionary canon.

Punctuated equilbira have absolutely nothing to do with saltations. This particular misunderstanding has been discussed and refuted dozens of times over the past thirty years. The fact that IDiots would use it in 2008 demonstrates something related to the "Gipper" (the Ronald Regan version) but it's not what they think.

Is this the best they can do? Yes, it is.

What's surprising is that the Intelligent Design Creationists are doing so well when they are so stupid.

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What Would You Have Done?

 
The recent kerfuffle in Canada has prompted all kinds of talk from TV personalities, newspaper columnists, and bloggers. Everybody has an opinion.

One of the common threads is that all politicians in Ottawa are behaving badly and every single one of them needs to grow up and act like an adult. Some blame Harper and some blame Dion. Right now it seems to be Dion who is coming in for the most criticism.

Here's a handy way to distinguish facts from bias. Don't ask for what might have happened in an ideal world but ask instead what you would have advised when the crisis began. When you hear people spouting off about how Dion is ruining the country, for example, ask them what they would have done in his place.

Here's my take.

If Harper had called me before presenting his budget I would have told him to take out the clauses that eliminate party funding, ban civil servant's right to strike, and block pay equity challenges. I would have pointed out that all three are inflammatory and designed to alienate the opposition parties that he needs for support in the House. This is not the time for partisan politics, especially since none of these measures are necessary and, furthermore, they were not something that the Conservative Party made into election issues in October.

Obviously Harper didn't call me and didn't listen to anyone else who might have warned him of the consequences.

Once the budget was made public, what should Stéphane Dion have done? This is an important question and everyone who criticizes Dion should be prepared to answer it. Here's my answer.

The Liberal Party could not have supported such a budget because it was a deliberate slap in the face. It would have been devastating to party finances to eliminate federal funding of political parties and Harper knew that. In the previous sessions of parliament the Liberals abstained on many votes allowing the Conservatives to govern as if they were a majority. That behavior was widely, and correctly, criticized last year and it could not continue in the current session of Parliament.

The fact that Harper proposed an in-your-face challenge on the very first bill was an indication of how he intended to behave for the next few years. This was the only chance the Liberals were going to get to take a stand.

I would have advised Dion and the Liberals to vote against the budget no matter what the consequences. If Harper wanted to call and election, so be it. Having been forced into a corner, I don't believe the Liberals had a choice.

When the idea of a Liberal-NDP coalition came up, I would have advised Dion to agree, provided the plan did not compromise Liberal principles. If the Bloc agreed to not vote in favor of any non-confidence motion for 18 months then that would be perfectly acceptable. In other words, if I had been advising Dion I would have advised him to do exactly what he did. The coalition avoided an unnecessary election and was perfectly in line with the principles of a parliamentary democracy.

Anyone who criticizes Dion's decision should let us know what alternative was preferable. Here were the choices: abstaining, voting for the government, voting against the government?

During this waiting period we can ask ourselves the same questions. What's the best way out of the crisis? Here's my answer ...

The best solution is for Stephen Harper to resign as leader. His replacement should seek out a compromise budget that many parties can support. The new leader should announce that the three inflammatory proposals are not part of the new leader's priorities.

That's probably not going to happen.

Assuming that Stephen Harper is still Prime Minister at the end of January what should Liberals do? I don't think they can support a government led by Stephen Harper. They should vote against the budget, or the throne speech, at the first opportunity. Not only has Harper revealed his agenda in the earlier budget, he has made things much worse by lying about our system of government, stirring up regional bigotry, and provoking a constitutional crisis. Such a man cannot be Prime Minister of my country.

I really don't care whether Dion remains leader of the Liberal Party or whether he is replaced by an interim leader who becomes Prime Minister under a coalition government. The Liberals can even appoint a permanent leader if that's what they decide to do. (Not my preference.) The important point is that the Liberals cannot support Stephen Harper in January.

We cannot have an anti-French, anti-democratic, vindictive, megalomaniac, liar as Prime Minister. I hope that Conservative MPs will realize this themselves before January. If they don't, they should be moved to the Opposition benches, which they will share with the Bloc Québécois.

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More Ph.D.s?

 
There's an interesting commentary in the latest issue of Nature. Apparently the UK goverment has plans to train 2,000 new PhDs in physics and engineering.

The UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) is set to spend £250 million on creating 44 centres to train 2,000 PhD students over the next 5 years.

The interdisciplinary Centres For Doctoral Training will focus on areas including climate change, sustainable energy, healthcare technologies and nanotechnology. All of the new centres will be spread across 22 UK universities, and 17 will also have strong ties with businesses.

Businesses will also contribute some cash, EPSRC says, but how much is not clear.

The new centres will accept their first batch of students in October 2009. The students will have four years of funding for their PhDs — more than the roughly three years that most PhDs receive — and will spend up to 75% of their time training with the industrial partners.

Here at the University of Toronto we've been having a discussion about increasing the number of graduate students. The goal of the university is to increase the number of graduate students by 30% over the next few years. The objective is supposed to be achieved by providing extra money to fund graduate students.

Science departments here have cautioned the university not to expect much of a change. By and large, the number of graduate students we accept is not limited by funding. We are making offers of acceptance to every qualified student who applies and we still have excess capacity. More money isn't going to help because it's the qualified students who are limiting, not the ability to fund them.

Is the situation different in the UK? Are physics and engineering departments turning away good students because they don't have the money? Wouldn't that have to be the case is this plan is going to work?

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99% Ape

 
The Natural History Museum in London (UK) is publishing a book that's supposed to explain evolution: 99% Ape: How evolution adds up. Here's part of the press release.

The book introduces the topic of evolution, and leading experts at The Open University explain this fundamental yet often complex subject, guiding the reader through the latest evidence.

Charles Darwin was mocked for suggesting that humans have apes for ancestors, but every scientific advance in the study of life in the last 150 years has confirmed the reality of evolution.

Read the latest research about how new species evolve, uncover the flaws in ‘intelligent design’, find out what evolution has to say about psychology, the development of the human mind and morality, and how we are still evolving, in this new book.

I'm certainly curious about what the book might have to say about morality but that's not my major concern.

My major concern is the title. Out of thousand of possible titles why did they choose one that is factually incorrect? Humans are NOT 99% ape—they are 100% ape. Humans are apes.

If the title is referring to our relationship to chimpanzees then even that is misleading. There are plenty of studies to suggest that the overall percent similarity might be less than 99%, especially if you take indels (insertions/deletion) into account. Why make trouble for yourself by promoting the 99% figures when there are many other titles that could have been chosen?

Judging by the title, this book may do more to contribute to confusion among the general public than to educating them. What a wasted opportunity. (The cover image isn't what I would have chosen either.)

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Let's Help Out an American Friend

 
John Aravosis asks the following question on AMERICAblog.com: I want your input. Are drugs from Canada safe or not?.

Get over there and help him out. Let him know that Canadian drug suppliers are reliable. These are same generic drugs that are sold to Canadians.

Why does John need to know whether Canadian drugs are safe? Because he can't afford the prescriptions his doctor gave him unless he buys his drugs from Canada where they are half the price. I probably wouldn't hurt to remind him of the advantages of socialized medicine.

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[Hat Tip: Canadian Cynic]

This Week's Citation Classic

 
John Dennehy (The Evilutionary Biologist) has posted "This Week's Citation Classic."¹ The classic paper demonstrated back in 1964 that the gene and the protein it encodes are colinear [This Week's Citation Classic]. Remember, this was before DNA sequencing and just around the time that the genetic code was being worked out.

Before you follow the link, try and come up with an experiment that you might have done in 1964 to show colinearity. Are you as smart as Sidney Brenner?

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1. Is it just me, or have we missed a few weeks?

The Globe and Mail Calls for Harper's Resignation

 
The Globe and Mail claims to be Canada's national newspaper. It has a status in Canada that's comparable to that of the New York Times in the USA. Traditionally, the editorial staff of the Globe and Mail has been more conservative than most of the country and they have supported Stephen Harper in the past.¹

Today's editorial calls on Harper to resign for the good of his party and the good of the country [Competence and trust in question].

Not only has Mr. Harper's government failed to adequately address the economic crisis; it has created a political crisis and potentially a national-unity crisis in the process. Rather than working co-operatively on measures to strengthen the economy – something the opposition initially appeared willing to do – Parliament is now locked down, with the government's legitimacy undermined. Meanwhile, the Conservatives' excessive attacks on the Bloc Québécois, and indirectly on the millions of Quebeckers who voted for that party, have fuelled regional divides and reinvigorated the sovereigntist movement – raising a prospect of Quebec's federalist Liberals losing power in Monday's election, or at least failing to win the majority they seemed on track for.

If there is a saving grace in all this, it is that anger with the Conservatives is directed more toward Mr. Harper than his party. That raises the hope that, were he replaced as leader, the greatest barrier to inter-party co-operation with a Conservative minority government would be removed.

It is on that end, rather than the ascent of a coalition government, that the Liberals ought to focus. By hinting that the replacement of Mr. Harper as Tory leader could lessen the crisis, the Liberals would make clear that they are not engaged in a mere power grab – and allow themselves time to resolve their own leadership issues. If the Conservatives accepted that proposition, they could demonstrate that personal interests were secondary to those of the country. Both parties, in other words, could behave like adults. And the economy, rather than the personality of a single polarizing figure, could retake its rightful place as the primary focus of this Parliament.

I agree with the sentiment here. Replacing Harper as leader of the Conservative Party would go a long way toward restoring democracy to Canada.

Incidentally, let's not lose site of the fact that in addition to a provocative budget that the opposition could not accept, and in addition to stoking the flames of bigotry in Western Canada, Harper also misrepresented the nature of our parliamentary system by falsely claiming that it was illegitimate for Parliament to vote him out of office [Harper wrong on democracy claims: experts]. A man like Harper does not deserve to lead my country.

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1. Canadian Cynic provided a link to the Globe and Mail editorial that endorsed Stephen Harper last October 9th. I urge everyone who has an interest in this issue to read that editorial, it is astonishing in it's accuracy and warning of what might happen: Harper is growing into the job .

Say Again?

 
Stephen Harper. the current dictator Prime Minister of Canada received an award in New York City yesterday from Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations. Here's the press release.

Prime Minister Harper Given International Leadership Award

Prime Minister Stephen Harper will be honoured today in New York City by the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, which is presenting him with its first-ever International Leadership Award. Minister of Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon will attend the reception and awards ceremony to accept the award on behalf of the Prime Minister.

“I am deeply honoured to be recognized for helping improve Western relations with Israel,” said the Prime Minister. “Canada stands with Israel, and will stand with any nation willing to put its trust in its people and follow the principles of freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.”

The Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations was founded in 1954 to promote the State of Israel in the United States. An umbrella group representing 50 national religious, philanthropic and civic American Jewish organizations, it serves as a central coordinating body and primary forum for deliberations and discussions among its members on national and international issues of concern to Jews.

Yesterday was a busy day for Harper. He also shut down the Canadian parliament in order to avoid losing a non-confidence vote.

Interesting how his action contrasts with the words, "Canada ... will stand with any nation willing to put its trust in its people and follow the principles of freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law."

Stephen Harper is a threat to Canada and to democracy. He must be removed from office. If that means putting up with a temporary Prime Minister in his place then so be it. This is one of those circumstances where the greater good trumps everything.

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Conservative Lies

 
The Conservative Party under Stephen Harper has been spreading false information about how our parliamentary system works. They have been claiming that the transfer of power from the Conservative Party to the coalition under Stéphane Dion is a "coup" and that Dion does not have the right to lead a government.

Why are the Conservatives doing this? There are two possible explanations ...

• They believe what they are saying, in which case they are stupid and ignorant about how parliament works. They don't deserve to be the government.


• They know they are lying but they hope to convince Canadians that they're telling the truth. Because they are liars and because they have such a low opinion of the average Canadian, they don't deserve to lead a government.

Here's the problem. Harper and his Conservatives are doing great harm to the country by spreading lies. They are trying to convince Canadians that we have a US Presidential style of democracy and that he (Harper) was voted in as Prime Minister. Our young people are confused enough about politics without having this kind of false information spread by our Prime Minister.

Peter Russell is a Professor Emeritus in the Dept. of Political Science at the University of Toronto. We have tangled on a number of issues but always with mutual respect (I hope). He is a very smart man and you don't want him to catch you spreading lies about politics. Here's part of his column in today's Toronto Star [Constitution and precedent are on coalition's side].

If there is an alternative government available that has a reasonable prospect of being supported for a period of time by a majority in the House of Commons, she would have reason to decline Harper's request. Harper would then have to resign, and the Governor General would commission Dion to form a government.

If this happens, again there would be no "usurpation" of power but a proper application of the rules and principles of parliamentary democracy. It has been very disturbing to hear over the last few days, from people who should know better, wild unparliamentary theories about our system of government. Elections are not simple popularity contests in which the leader whose party garners the most votes gets all the power.

I am greatly concerned that there is so little public knowledge of the constitutional rules that govern our parliamentary system of government. These rules are not formally written down in a legal text or taught in our schools. Maybe the most important lesson to take from the situation we are now living through is to begin to codify as much as we can of this "unwritten" part of our Constitution and to ensure that it is well taught in our schools.

Harper is wrong. The only remaining question is whether he is stupid or a liar (or both).

Who is to blame for this mess? Peter has the correct answer ....

These precedents and many, many others illustrate the basic point that in parliamentary democracies we elect parliaments not prime ministers, and that the Governor General (or the presidential head of state in a republican parliamentary system) must be advised by ministers who are supported by a majority in the elected house of parliament.

Now let's apply these rules of parliamentary democracy to the situation Canada now faces. After the Oct. 14 election, Stephen Harper remained Prime Minister, formed a new government and prepared to face the House. Although his party had improved its seat total it was still in a minority position in the House. This meant that to continue in office Harper would have to win enough support from the opposition benches to secure the confidence of the House.

For a few days it appeared that Harper would reach out in a conciliatory manner and garner the parliamentary support he needs on order to have the right to govern.

But, to put it mildly, on Nov. 27 just a few days into the session, through his finance minister's economic update, he made an abrupt U-turn. Instead of seeking support from the opposition, his government presented an in-your-face, take-it-or-leave-it position.

The opposition parties – all three of them – decided not to take it. Instead, they announced that they would use their collective majority in the House to vote no confidence in the Harper government and support an alternative coalition government.

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