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Thursday, December 11, 2008

Belief in Astrology Falls to Second Last Place!

 
According to the latest Harris Poll only 31% of Americans believe in astrology and only 24% believe that they were once another person.

Other interesting facts are that a substantial majority of Americans believe in multiple supernatural beings (polytheism). Besides the regular God, they believe in angels and the devil.

 Believe InDon't
Believe In
Not Sure
     %    %    %
God   80   10   9
Miracles   75   14   12
Heaven   73   14   13
Jesus is God or the Son of God   71   17   12
Angels   71   17   12
The resurrection of Jesus Christ   70   18   13
Survival of the soul after death   68   15   17
Hell   62   24   13
The Virgin birth   61   24   15
The devil   59   27   14
Darwin’s theory of evolution   47   32   22
Ghosts   44   39   17
Creationism   40   31   29
UFOs   36   39   25
Witches   31   54   14
Astrology   31   51   18
Reincarnation–that you were once another person   24   53   23

In other news, 37% believe that the Old Testament is the word of God but only 14% believe The Torah is the word of God.

15% say they are not at all religious and 10% don't beleive in God.


Denyse O'Leary Loses!

 
The results are in and Denyse O'Leary's blog Post-Darwinist did not win in the Best Canadian Sci/Tech category. Here are the final results from Best Sci/Tech Blog of 2008.
  1. Sync, the Tech & Gadgets Blog 108 votes 35.29%
  2. Synchro Blogue 87 votes 28.43%
  3. DeSmogBlog 56 votes 18.3%
  4. Post Darwinist 31 votes 10.13%
  5. Dusan Writer 24 votes 7.84%
Bill Dembski demonstrates that he has been following the vote very closely. He also demonstrates why he is so good at math [Reinstating the Explanatory Filter].
P.S. Congrats to Denyse O’Leary, whose Post-Darwinist blog tied for third in the science and technology category from the Canadian Blog Awards.


Universal Declaration of Human Rights

 
Yesterday was the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It was adopted on December 10, 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Most of the current members of the United Nations ignore the majority of articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights yet they are allowed to remain members of the United Nations.

PREAMBLE

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,

Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3.

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4.

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6.


Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7.

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8.

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10.

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11.

(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14.

(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15.

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16.

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17.

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19.

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21.

(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.

(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.

(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22.

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Article 23.

(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.

(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24.

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25.

(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26.

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27.

(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28.

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29.

(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.

(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30.

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.



A Lesson in How Parliamentary Government Works in Canada

 
Stephen Harper explains how the parliamentary system of government works in Canada.



[Hat Tip: Canadian Cynic who notes that "sometimes this job [mocking Conservatives] is way too easy."

Wednesday, December 10, 2008

Succinate Dehydrogenase

The proper name for succinate dehydrogenase is succinate:quinone oxidoreductase (EC 1,3,5,1). It catalyzes the following reaction,


This is an oxidation-reduction reaction where succinate is oxidized and ubiquinone (Q) is reduced to ubiquinol (QH2). In bacteria the quinone might be menaquinone.

The reaction is part of the citric acid cycle and it is also part of the membrane-associated electron transport system that couples oxidation-reduction reactions to the transfer of protons across a membrane. The resulting protonmotive force is used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Each year I challenge my students to find a website that correctly depicts the reactions of the citric acid cycle. This year I issued the same challenge to Sandwalk readers: Biochemistry on the Web: The Citric Acid Cycle. Nobody could find a correct version except for a few websites that copied it from my textbook.

The succinate dehydrogenase reaction is one of the reactions that everyone gets wrong. It's incorrect on almost all websites, class powerpoint slides, and also in most biochemistry textbooks. The standard error is to describe the reaction as ....

succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH2


Let's see how the enzyme works so we can understand why that reaction is incorrect.

The structure of the E. coli enzyme is shown on the right [PDB 1NEK]. There are two polypeptide chains (subunits) making up the head portion of the enzyme at the bottom of the figure. The genes for these polypeptides are present in all species and they are well-conserved. There are one or two membrane-associated subunits (top) and these can differ from species to species.

An FAD coenzyme is covalently bound to the head region of the enzyme. This is the site where succinate is oxidized to fumarate and it projects into the cytoplasm of bacterial cells or the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotic cells. (Succinate dehdrogenase is a mitochondrial membrane protein.)

Electrons are passed sequentially to three iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and then to quinone. (The reduced form, quinol or QH2, is shown in the structure.) Most versions of succinate dehydrogenase contain a heme b group in the membrane bound portion of the molecule. It's role is unclear. (See Succcinate Dehydrogenase and Evolution by Accident.)

Here's a schematic drawing of the oxidation-reduction reaction (right). The important point is that FAD is part of a short electron transfer chain from succinate to QH2. FADH2 can't be a product of the reaction because it never dissociates from the enzyme. The product is QH2, which can diffuse in the membrane to complex III where it is oxidized.

There are dozens of enzymes that have similar internal electron transfer chains involving FAD or FMN. One of them, α-ketoglutarate deydrogenase is part of the citric acid cycle and another (complex I) is part of the membrane-associated electron transport chain. In these cases the products of the reaction are NADH2 and NAD+. You never see flavin coenzyme listed as a product because it is a transient intermediate that never dissociates from the enzyme.

Succinate deydrogenase is the only example where there is confusion about the real product of the reaction. It's not clear why. Perhaps it's an historical anomaly dating back to the time forty years ago when the real product (QH2) was unknown. That's not a very good excuse for getting it wrong in 2008.

There's one other interesting feature of this enzyme that's worth mentioning. Note that the reduction of Q is accompanied by the uptake of two protons (H+) from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. This is very important since these protons will eventually be released on the other side of the membrane in the next reaction. This contributes to the formation of a proton gradient across the membrane. (See Ubiquinone and the Proton Pump.)

Access to the active site of quinone reduction is restricted to a small channel that opens into the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Cheng et al. (2008) have identified a proton wire that leads from the cytoplasm to the quinone. A proton wire is a chain of protons—they are shown as red balls in the figure below. The opening to the cytoplasm is in the middle of this mirror-image view and the ubiquinone is identified as UQ.


As two protons are taken up by ubiquinone, the remaining ones in the proton wire shuffle along the channel and two are added at the other end where it opens to the cytoplasm. (The protons come from the ionization of water.)


Cheng, V.W.T., Johnson, A., Rothery, R.A. and Weiner, J.H. (2008) Alternative Sites for Proton Entry from the Cytoplasm to the Quinone Binding Site in Escherichia coli Succinate Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 47:9107–9116 [DOI: 10.1021/bi801008e]

Hint

 
In my family we don't give gifts at Christmas (but we do have a Christmas tree and we do celebrate the season). We stopped giving gifts when the children were teenagers and it has eliminated a lot of the stress at this time of year. It also means that we don't have to pretend to like the cheesy presents that we used to get from distant relatives and acquaintances. Not to mention the cheesy ones from spouses.1

However .... if anyone wants to give me a non-Christmas present just for fun, here's an excellent choice: Noah's Ark.


It would look really nice on my office bookshelf. Thanks to PZ Myers for finding this gem. Don't bother getting one for him, he doesn't seem to appreciate the quality workmanship and the attention to detail.


1. Oops, did I say that out loud?

Communicating the Truth about Climate Change

 
There's an ongoing dispute about how to present science to the general public. People like Matt Nisbet and Chris Mooney advocate framing—another word for spin—in order to appeal to the public's perceived biases. They seem to be comfortable with a little "lying for science" as long as it serves the greater good.

Matt Nisbet and Chris Mooney are experts at recognizing that greater good even when others can't see it.

Many scientists—I am one— believe that scientists have to tell the truth no matter how much it might confuse the general public. We believe that evidence-based conclusions are the one thing that separates science from pseudoscience and scientists should never compromise the truth.

Here's an example of how climate change should be presented. It's from an editorial in the Dec. 6 issue of New Scientist [It's the Carbon Stupid].
It's time for heretical thinking on climate change. After two decades in which science has told us more and more about global warming, climate modellers may have to recognise that we have learned most of what we can from their number-crunching.

Some of the detailed forecasts about exactly what the climate will be like in Albuquerque or Basingstoke in 2050 or 2080 are little more than statistical noise, as physicist Lenny Smith underlines this week (see "Bad climate science"). Even the global picture may depend more than we like to admit on feedbacks and tipping points produced by a system that is inherently chaotic. We need to beware of the known unknowns and - whisper it - the unknown unknowns.

Some politicians still demand certainty from climate scientists and are sitting on their hands until they get it. But certainty may be no more available here than in that other troublesome discipline, economics. This is not a counsel for inaction, but for grown-up government: for doing what we know is needed in the face of uncertainty, and for taking actions like those called for this week by the British government's Committee on Climate Change, from decarbonising electricity generation to culling carbon-spewing vehicles and aircraft.

Here's another heresy. Perhaps the endless negotiations to frame a successor to the Kyoto protocol - currently in mid-grind in Poznan, Poland - are becoming an impediment to action. The protocol's various market devices, like cap-and-trade and the clean development mechanism, could now be holding up the technologies we know will do the job. Invented by the Clinton/Gore administration, should they now be jettisoned by Barack Obama? Michael Le Page believes so (see "Time for change on climate: an open letter to Barack Obama") and argues that taxing carbon would be a better plan. It would be a bold move. But just as past economic certainties are failing, maybe it is time to think the unthinkable here too.
The point of this editorial is that there's no reason to be overly alarmist and there's no reason why we can't admit that our climate models are flawed. The bottom line is that we know the climate is warming and we know that we are contributing to the cause. It's time to do something.

The contrasting approach to communicating science is wonderfully described by Matt Nisbet on his blog. Today's posting talks about America's Top Climate Communicator. Matt is not happy with the choices being offered. He proposes his own choice for top climate communicator: the Reverend Richard Cizik, VP for Governmental Affairs of the National Association of Evangelicals.

To back up his nomination Matt quotes from a recent interview ...
GROSS: I imagine you didn't agree with Sarah Palin on environmental issues. For example, her emphasis on drill, baby, drill, and also the fact that she said she wasn't sure if human behavior contributed to climate change. Now, climate change and the environment are issues you're trying to put much more toward the top of the evangelical agenda.

REV. CIZIK: Yeah, I couldn't - you're right. I couldn't have disagreed with her more. Just a year ago, we found out from climate scientists that the melt in the Arctic had turned into a rout. It was happening so fast it was as if your hair turned gray overnight. Now, I have a receding hairline, but I don't have my hair turning gray overnight. Well, that's what happened with the environment. An area the size of Colorado was disappearing every week, and the Northwest Passage was staying wide open all September for the first time in history. And so, to look at this and not see what's happening, I think is, well, it was sort of the ignorance is strength idea. Well, not. It's not strength. Look, strength is knowing what's happening to the world around us, and moreover, as a Christian, we can't claim to love the Creator and abuse the world in which we live. To do so is like claiming to be a fan of Shakespeare and then burn his plays....

...I'm always looking for ways to reframe issues, give the biblical point of view a different slant, if you will, and look it - we have to. The whole world, literally, the planet, is changing around us. And if you don't change the way you think and adapt, especially to things like climate change, scientists like Bob Doppelt, he says, well, if you don't adapt and change your thinking, you may ultimately be a loser because climate change, in his mind, he is a systems analyst, has the capacity to determine the winners and losers, and your life will never be the same, growing up during, I say, the great warming. Our grandparents grew up during the Great Depression. Our parents, well, they lived in the aftermath of that and became probably, the most, well, the greediest generation and our generation, this younger one, needs to be the greenest....
If I have to choose between the New Scientist editorial and Rev. Cizik then New Scientist wins hands down.

What do you think? Is Rev. Cizik going to convince you that he understands the science behind climate change?1


1. The area of Colorado is 269,837 km2 and the area of the entire Arctic ocean is 14,056,000 km2, which 52× the area of Colorado.

This Doesn't Seem Right ...

 
Scientific American is reporting on a growing trend among field biologists. When they discover a new species they sell the right to name it [Name that species--After yourself, Purdue auction suggests].
Naming your kid after you is one thing. But imagine if an entire species were named for you.

This week, Purdue University is auctioning off the rights to name seven newly discovered bats and two turtles, the Associated Press is reporting. The winners — who will shell out a minimum of $250,000 for at least one of the bats, a Purdue spokesman told ScientificAmerican.com — can link their own name or that of a pal to the animal’s scientific name.

"Unlike naming a building or something like that, this is much more permanent. This will last as long as we have our society," John Bickham, who co-discovered the nine species, told the AP.
In the ongoing battle between splitters and lumpers, you can bet that the splitters are going to gain the upper hand if they can earn so much money by creating a new species.





Nobel Laureate: Walter Gilbert

 

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980.

"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"




Walter Gilbert (1932 - ) was awarded the Nobel Prize for developing a chemical method of sequencing DNA (with Allan Maxam). The method relied on chemical reactions that cleaved DNA at specific residues. By carrying out partial reactions where only one cleavage occurred in each DNA strand, it was possible to separate the cleavage products on an acrylamide gel and determine the position of each residue by the length of the fragment.

The chemical sequencing strategy has been replaced by the chain-termination technique of Fred Sanger who shared the Nobel Prize with Gilbert.

A brief description of DNA sequencing can be found on the Wikipedia site at DNA Sequencing.

On looking over the 1980 press release I came across this paragraph.

THEME:
Nobel Laureates
Gilbert and Sanger have independently developed different methods to determine the exact sequence of the nucleotide building blocks in DNA. Among applications of sequence methods may be mentioned that Gilbert has investigated the structure of those parts of a bacterial chromosome which control the reading (transcription) of the genetic message. Sanger is responsible for the first complete determination of the sequence of a DNA molecule. He has established the sequence of the 5375 building blocks in DNA from a bacterial virus called phi-X174. Sanger's method has also been used to determine the sequence of DNA from humans, which led to the surprising discovery that the genetic code is not universal, i.e. it is not the same in all living organisms, from viruses and bacteria to man.
I have no idea what they are referring to here when they mention the non-universality of the genetic code. I don't recall any revelations back in 1980. Are they referring to slight differences in mitochondria?


The images of the Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation (© The Nobel Foundation). They are used here, with permission, for educational purposes only.

[Photo Credit: NNDB, original source unknown.]

Monday, December 08, 2008

Monday's Molecule #100

 
This is the 100th edition of Monday's Molecule! Today's "molecule" is a chemical reaction in several steps.

Your task is to identify what's going on and relate it to a single Nobel Laureate.

The first one to correctly identify the molecule and name the Nobel Laureate, wins a free lunch at the Faculty Club. Previous winners are ineligible for one month from the time they first collected the prize. There are four ineligible candidates for this week's reward: Dale Hoyt from Athens, Georgia, Ms. Sandwalk from Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, Alex Ling of the University of Toronto, and Timothy Evans of the University of Pennsylvania. Dale and Ms. Sandwalk have offered to donate the free lunch to a deserving undergraduate so the first two undergraduates to win and collect a free lunch can also invite a friend. Alex gets the first one.

THEME:

Nobel Laureates
Send your guess to Sandwalk (sandwalk (at) bioinfo.med.utoronto.ca) and I'll pick the first email message that correctly identifies the "molecule" and names the Nobel Laureate(s). Note that I'm not going to repeat Nobel Laureate(s) so you might want to check the list of previous Sandwalk postings by clicking on the link in the theme box.

Correct responses will be posted tomorrow. I reserve the right to select multiple winners if several people get it right.

Comments will be blocked for 24 hours. Comments are now open.

UPDATE: The reactions lead to cleavage of DNA at G residues. This is part of the chemical sequencing strategy developed by Maxam and Gilbert in 1976. The Nobel Laureate is Walter Gilbert.

I was surprised at how many old fogies well-established scientists read Sandwalk. We have now produced an entire generation of scientists who will have never experienced this sequencing method but, nevertheless, the correct answers flooded in within a few hours. The first was from John Bothwell of the Marine Biological Association of the UK in Plymouth, UK. Congratulations! Are you free for lunch tomorrow, John, or do you want to take a rain check?


How the Gipper "Wins"

 
Over on Uncommon Descent there was a discussion about macroevolution. The new moderator, Barry Arrington, was so impressed with the responses of his fellow IDiots that he draws attention to their comments in today's posting [UD Commenters Win One for the Gipper].
Below the fold I have reproduced an interesting comment thread in which ribczynski attacks ID proponents’ criticisms of macroevolution through NDE, and two ID proponents convincingly refute the Darwinist line.
Let's see how these two IDiots "refute" the Darwinian line by picking out one of the most common falsehoods that are often repeated by those who are completely ignorant of evolution.
gpuccio writes:

First of all there are saltations. Have you ever heard of “punctuated equilibrium”? That’s not an ID theory.

Jerry writes:

Gould said the whole history of the fossil record was one of apparent saltations. That was why he developed his absurd fix for Darwinian processes called punctuated equilibrium. I suggest you read Gould and as suggested by other, his ideas on punctuated equilibrium. Everybody immediately just lapped up his ideas and it is now part of the evolutionary canon.
Punctuated equilbira have absolutely nothing to do with saltations. This particular misunderstanding has been discussed and refuted dozens of times over the past thirty years. The fact that IDiots would use it in 2008 demonstrates something related to the "Gipper" (the Ronald Regan version) but it's not what they think.

Is this the best they can do? Yes, it is.

What's surprising is that the Intelligent Design Creationists are doing so well when they are so stupid.


Sunday, December 07, 2008

What Would You Have Done?

 
The recent kerfuffle in Canada has prompted all kinds of talk from TV personalities, newspaper columnists, and bloggers. Everybody has an opinion.

One of the common threads is that all politicians in Ottawa are behaving badly and every single one of them needs to grow up and act like an adult. Some blame Harper and some blame Dion. Right now it seems to be Dion who is coming in for the most criticism.

Here's a handy way to distinguish facts from bias. Don't ask for what might have happened in an ideal world but ask instead what you would have advised when the crisis began. When you hear people spouting off about how Dion is ruining the country, for example, ask them what they would have done in his place.

Here's my take.

If Harper had called me before presenting his budget I would have told him to take out the clauses that eliminate party funding, ban civil servant's right to strike, and block pay equity challenges. I would have pointed out that all three are inflammatory and designed to alienate the opposition parties that he needs for support in the House. This is not the time for partisan politics, especially since none of these measures are necessary and, furthermore, they were not something that the Conservative Party made into election issues in October.

Obviously Harper didn't call me and didn't listen to anyone else who might have warned him of the consequences.

Once the budget was made public, what should Stéphane Dion have done? This is an important question and everyone who criticizes Dion should be prepared to answer it. Here's my answer.

The Liberal Party could not have supported such a budget because it was a deliberate slap in the face. It would have been devastating to party finances to eliminate federal funding of political parties and Harper knew that. In the previous sessions of parliament the Liberals abstained on many votes allowing the Conservatives to govern as if they were a majority. That behavior was widely, and correctly, criticized last year and it could not continue in the current session of Parliament.

The fact that Harper proposed an in-your-face challenge on the very first bill was an indication of how he intended to behave for the next few years. This was the only chance the Liberals were going to get to take a stand.

I would have advised Dion and the Liberals to vote against the budget no matter what the consequences. If Harper wanted to call and election, so be it. Having been forced into a corner, I don't believe the Liberals had a choice.

When the idea of a Liberal-NDP coalition came up, I would have advised Dion to agree, provided the plan did not compromise Liberal principles. If the Bloc agreed to not vote in favor of any non-confidence motion for 18 months then that would be perfectly acceptable. In other words, if I had been advising Dion I would have advised him to do exactly what he did. The coalition avoided an unnecessary election and was perfectly in line with the principles of a parliamentary democracy.

Anyone who criticizes Dion's decision should let us know what alternative was preferable. Here were the choices: abstaining, voting for the government, voting against the government?

During this waiting period we can ask ourselves the same questions. What's the best way out of the crisis? Here's my answer ...

The best solution is for Stephen Harper to resign as leader. His replacement should seek out a compromise budget that many parties can support. The new leader should announce that the three inflammatory proposals are not part of the new leader's priorities.

That's probably not going to happen.

Assuming that Stephen Harper is still Prime Minister at the end of January what should Liberals do? I don't think they can support a government led by Stephen Harper. They should vote against the budget, or the throne speech, at the first opportunity. Not only has Harper revealed his agenda in the earlier budget, he has made things much worse by lying about our system of government, stirring up regional bigotry, and provoking a constitutional crisis. Such a man cannot be Prime Minister of my country.

I really don't care whether Dion remains leader of the Liberal Party or whether he is replaced by an interim leader who becomes Prime Minister under a coalition government. The Liberals can even appoint a permanent leader if that's what they decide to do. (Not my preference.) The important point is that the Liberals cannot support Stephen Harper in January.

We cannot have an anti-French, anti-democratic, vindictive, megalomaniac, liar as Prime Minister. I hope that Conservative MPs will realize this themselves before January. If they don't, they should be moved to the Opposition benches, which they will share with the Bloc Québécois.


More Ph.D.s?

 
There's an interesting commentary in the latest issue of Nature. Apparently the UK goverment has plans to train 2,000 new PhDs in physics and engineering.
The UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) is set to spend £250 million on creating 44 centres to train 2,000 PhD students over the next 5 years.

The interdisciplinary Centres For Doctoral Training will focus on areas including climate change, sustainable energy, healthcare technologies and nanotechnology. All of the new centres will be spread across 22 UK universities, and 17 will also have strong ties with businesses.

Businesses will also contribute some cash, EPSRC says, but how much is not clear.

The new centres will accept their first batch of students in October 2009. The students will have four years of funding for their PhDs — more than the roughly three years that most PhDs receive — and will spend up to 75% of their time training with the industrial partners.
Here at the University of Toronto we've been having a discussion about increasing the number of graduate students. The goal of the university is to increase the number of graduate students by 30% over the next few years. The objective is supposed to be achieved by providing extra money to fund graduate students.

Science departments here have cautioned the university not to expect much of a change. By and large, the number of graduate students we accept is not limited by funding. We are making offers of acceptance to every qualified student who applies and we still have excess capacity. More money isn't going to help because it's the qualified students who are limiting, not the ability to fund them.

Is the situation different in the UK? Are physics and engineering departments turning away good students because they don't have the money? Wouldn't that have to be the case is this plan is going to work?


Saturday, December 06, 2008

99% Ape

 
The Natural History Museum in London (UK) is publishing a book that's supposed to explain evolution: 99% Ape: How evolution adds up. Here's part of the press release.
The book introduces the topic of evolution, and leading experts at The Open University explain this fundamental yet often complex subject, guiding the reader through the latest evidence.

Charles Darwin was mocked for suggesting that humans have apes for ancestors, but every scientific advance in the study of life in the last 150 years has confirmed the reality of evolution.

Read the latest research about how new species evolve, uncover the flaws in ‘intelligent design’, find out what evolution has to say about psychology, the development of the human mind and morality, and how we are still evolving, in this new book.
I'm certainly curious about what the book might have to say about morality but that's not my major concern.

My major concern is the title. Out of thousand of possible titles why did they choose one that is factually incorrect? Humans are NOT 99% ape—they are 100% ape. Humans are apes.

If the title is referring to our relationship to chimpanzees then even that is misleading. There are plenty of studies to suggest that the overall percent similarity might be less than 99%, especially if you take indels (insertions/deletion) into account. Why make trouble for yourself by promoting the 99% figures when there are many other titles that could have been chosen?

Judging by the title, this book may do more to contribute to confusion among the general public than to educating them. What a wasted opportunity. (The cover image isn't what I would have chosen either.)


Friday, December 05, 2008

Let's Help Out an American Friend

 
John Aravosis asks the following question on AMERICAblog.com: I want your input. Are drugs from Canada safe or not?.

Get over there and help him out. Let him know that Canadian drug suppliers are reliable. These are same generic drugs that are sold to Canadians.

Why does John need to know whether Canadian drugs are safe? Because he can't afford the prescriptions his doctor gave him unless he buys his drugs from Canada where they are half the price. I probably wouldn't hurt to remind him of the advantages of socialized medicine.


[Hat Tip: Canadian Cynic]