What the Heck Is Darwinian Morality?

 
John G. West is one of the chief IDiots over at the Discovery Institute. He has posted an article on Darwinism and Traditional Morality. It appears that West wrote a book about this stuff called Darwin’s Conservatives: The Misguided Quest. I haven't read it, and I don't intend to.

Here's what West says in the online article at Evolution News & Views (sic). I'm not making this up.

In my book, I challenge the attempt to locate a non-relative justification for morality in Darwinism. According to a Darwinian conception of ethics, every behavior regularly practiced by at least some subpopulation of human beings is ultimately a product of natural selection. Thus, while the maternal instinct is “natural” according to Darwinism, so is infanticide. While monogamy is “natural,” so are polygamy and adultery. Because of this uncomfortable truth, even some noted Darwinists such as Thomas Huxley have recognized the difficulty of grounding ethics in a Darwinian understanding of nature.

Huxley was no idiot. Like every other rational being, he recognizes that you can't base a code of ethics on Darwinism, or any other part of science. Talk about a strawman! What the heck goes on in the minds of these IDiots? Is it religion that makes them so stupid?

Fahrenheit 451 in 2007

 
Fahrenheit 451 is a movie about a future society where books are banned. The main protagonist is a fireman who burns books. (Apparently, books catch fire at 233°C, which translates to 451°F using the quaint, old-fashioned, way of measuring temperature that was common back in 1966.)

A new version of the movie is scheduled for 2007. Don't wait for it. If you haven't seen the Truffaut version, rush out to your video store right now and rent it. You won't regret it.

On a completely unrelated issue, () there is a movement to ban the sale of some books at the Grand Canyon National Park.


Read the full story on the NCSE website [Renewed concern about creationism at Grand Canyon National Park]. It looks like lots of people have their knickers in a knot over the sale of a creationist book that promotes Young Earth Creationism. Since the American National Park Service is a government agency, the sale of creationist books on government land is a major threat to the union.

A group called the Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) wants the National Park Service to ban the creationist book; Grand Canyon: A Different View. The issue is complicated because it's tied up with the claim that park rangers are being muzzled by the Bush administration. There's a suggestion that rangers aren't allowed to tell visitors the real age of the Grand Canyon for fear it will insult YEC's. Wesley Elsberry does a pretty good job of getting to the truth over on The Panda's Thumb.

Of course, park rangers should promote the truth about science and the formation of the Grand Canyon. If this offends YEC's then let them go somewhere else for their vacation. (Las Vegas isn't far away.)

However, I'm troubled by book banning. I'm against it. Not only does it not make sense (have the book banners been in any other bookstore recently?), but it sends the wrong message. As a scientist, I don't fear anyone who wants to challenge science. We have truth and rationality on our side and that should be the tools we use to defeat the anti-science forces. Exposing their stupidity is part of the objective and for that we need to make their books available.

Using the law to suppress our opponents is not the best strategy. It won't achieve the objective we seek, which is to win the hearts and minds of the people. It's time to put aside the legal wranglings and concentrate on promoting rational thinking.

Reverse PIN at ATM Summons Police

 
Friday's Urban Legend

Did you get an email message like this?

I just found out that should you ever be forced to withdraw monies from an ATM machine, you can notify the police by entering your Pin # in reverse. The machine will still give you the monies you requested, but unknown to the robber, etc, the police will be immediately dispatched to help you. The broadcast stated that this method of calling the police is very seldom used because people don't know it exists. It might mean the difference between life & death. Hopefully, none of you will have to use this, but I wanted to pass it along just in case you hadn't heard of it. Please pass it along to everyone possible.

It's not true according to snopes.com, although some legislators have tried to pass laws making the reverse PIN signal mandatory. Banks don't like the idea. Besides, what are the chances that you can smoothly key in your reverse PIN number with a thug holding a gun to your head? I don't think I could. As a matter of fact, I'm not even sure I could remember my real PIN number under those circumstances!

Flying Mammals

 
Flight has been independently invented by reptiles, insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Did you know that bats aren't the only mammals that fly? Back in the 1960's every kid on the block knew about these other flying mammals.

How times have changed ....

The University Exit Exam

 
The primary goal of a university education is to teach students how to think. This is not a cliché. It really is the objective that many Professors strive for.

There are several secondary objectives—these are not universal. One goal that is widely shared is scientific literacy. We want university students to graduate with a minimal level of understanding of the natural world. Another important goal is to teach students how to express themselves in writing. We also want students to take an active interest in the world around them and learn to apply their thinking skills to current controversies.

In our free time we sometimes amuse ourselves by designing an exit exam. This is a test that all university students must pass before we give them a degree. It would require them to sit down and write 10 essays on various topics. I like the idea that they can answer any five of the questions in the morning exam from 9-12, then take a 2 hour break where they can chat with their friends about the questions, and answer the remaining five questions during the afternoon exam from 2-5.

Would you pass this exam?

Students have to write short essay answers to 10 questions. In many cases, there's no right or wrong answer. Students will be evaluated on their logic and how well they write. If they're discussing a controversial issue, the grade will depend on how well they represent both sides.

There will be a different set of questions every year. Here's an example. Can you think of any other questions that you'd like to see on the exit exam?

1. Describe and evaluate the main arguments for the existence of God(s).


2. Explain, with diagrams, how eclipses of the sun occur.


3. List ten books you have read outside of class in the past four years and tell why you liked, or didn't like, them.


4. What is your favorite music? Why?


5. What is the theory of evolution and why is it important?


6. Are you for or against abortion?


7. Is there a difference between law and justice?


8. Is socialism better than capitalism?


9. Explain earthquakes and volcanoes and how they relate to plate tectonics.


10. Is there anything wrong with genetically modified food?

ReGenesis

 
ReGenesis is a TV show produced in Mississauga, a suburb of Toronto. (I live there.) The scientific advisor is Aled Edwards, a colleague at the University of Toronto.

One of the remarkable features of the show is the reality of the biotech lab. It has all the latest equipment and gadgets and none of the scientists wear lab coats. The set was recently featured in a Toronto Star article [Putting the gee in genome].

Visit the ReGenesis website and click on "Lab Tour" then click on "NorBac Tour" to try and solve a problem using the latest biotech tools. The simulation will show you what the set looks like. The website has been nominated for several awards.

The first season's episodes are coming to The Movie Network. Watch for it.

Play the GM Quiz Game

 
How much do you know about genetically modified foods? Take the GM Quiz and find out. I scored 10/10.

[Hat Tip: Genetics & Health]

Gerald Ford

 
One of my theist friends, Denny Cochran, took this picture of the planes that flew over the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids during the funeral on Wednesday. The flight is following the Grand River from Lake Michigan. According to Denny, the lead planes are right over the Museum.

The services were very moving even for a Canadian. I was living in the USA when Ford became Vice-President and I always thought he was good for the country.

One of the things that surprised me about the funeral sevices in Washington was the prominent presence of the military. I guess that's to be expected when a former commander-in-chief dies.

Iraqis say they were better off under rule of Saddam Hussein

 
Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies/Gulf Research Center conducted face-to-face interviews with 2,000 Iraqi adults living in major cities. The interviews were conducted in November 2006. The margin of error in such a poll is 3.1%.

According to GlobalResearch.ca the results for the question "Do you feel the situation in the country is better today or better before the U.S.-led invasion?" are:

                    Better today      5%
                    Better before    90%
                    Not sure            5%

Let's hope this puts an end to the oft-repeated myth that the Iraqis are better off after the American invasion than they were under Saddam Hussein. They don't think so.

[Hat Tip: Rhosgobel: Radagast's home]

Prostaglandin Synthesis

Eicosanoids are a class of compounds that mediate a variety of cellular responses. One group of eicosanoids is called prostaglandins. These compounds are produced by all cells and they cause the inflamatory reponse to injury and the production of pain and fever. They act like hormones and are often called hormones. They differ from true hormones in that they are produced by all cells and act locally.

Prosaglandins are made by cyclizing a 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid called arachidonate. Recall that arachidonate is made from lineolate and we need to absorb linealoate from food because we can't make it ourselves. The most important reaction is the first one in the pathway. It is catalyzed by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) a key target for pain relief.

PGHS is a bifunctional enzyme, which means it carries out two separate reactions. The first reaction is a cyclization reaction converting arachidonate to a hydroperoxide called prostaglandin G₂. This activity is often called a cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. The second reaction is catalyzed at a different site, the hydroperoxidase site, and the final product is prostaglandin H₂.

Subsequent reactions lead to the synthesis of other prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. This is the pathway that earned Bergström, Samuelsson, and Vane the Nobel Prize in 1982.

How Painkillers Work

One way to reduce pain and fever is to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. The ancient Greeks did this by chewing on the bark of willow trees. It turns out that willow tree bark is a natural source of salicylates and these compounds inhibit the COX acivity of prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) by modifying the enzyme to prevent arachidonate from binding to the active site.

Unfortunately, most salicylates taste horrible and cause inflammation of the mouth, throat, and stomach. Furthermore, they block the synthesis of other prostaglandins that promote blood clotting so an excess of salicylates will lead to bleeding of ulcers and other problems.

Aspirin is a modified salicylate. The active ingredient is called acetylsalicylic acid. It was introduced as a commercial drug in 1887. It doesn't taste as bad as most other salicylates and doesn't produce severe side effects.

Although it's better than natural salicylates, aspirin can cause dizziness, ringing in the ears, and bleeding or ulcers of the stomach lining. The stomach problems are caused by inhibition of a different COX activity from the one leading to prostaglandin synthesis.

There are two different forms of PGHS or COX. COX-1 is a constitutive enzyme that regulates secretion of mucin in the stomach, thus protecting the gastric wall. COX-2 is an inducible enzyme that promotes inflammation, pain, and fever. Aspirin inhibits both isozymes.

There are many other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) that inhibit COX activity. Aspirin is the only one that inhibits by covalent modification of the enzyme. The others act by competing with arachidonate for binding to the COX active site. Ibuprofen (Advil®), for example, binds rapidly, but weakly, to the active site and its inhibition is readily reversed when drug levels drop. Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) is an effective inhibitor of COX activity in intact cells.


Physicians would like to have a drug that selectively inhibits COX-2 and not COX-1. Such a compound would not cause stomach irritation. A number of specific COX-2 inhibitors have been synthesized and many are currently available for patients. These drugs, while expensive, are important for patients with arthritis who must take pain killers on a regular basis. In some cases, the new NSAIDS have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and they have been taken off the market. X-ray crystallographic studies of COX-2 and its interaction with these inhibitors have aided the search for even better replacements for aspirin without the cardiovascular side effects.

[Modified from Horton et al. Principles of Biochemistry ©Pearson Prentice Hall]

A Confused Philosopher

Darwinism and Its Discontents, by Michael Ruse, Cambridge University Press (2006)

Ruse defines Darwinism as the idea that natural selection is the chief causal process behind all organisms (p.2). He identifies a whole list of people who oppose Darwinism. Some of these are creationists—this book is not about them.

The main "discontents," according to Ruse, are misguided social scientists with their irrational fear of genetic determinism; philosophers who "can't handle the awful truth;" and evolutionary biologists whose objections "cannot be grounded purely in theory or evidence" (p.3). Many of discontent evolutionary biologists are (gasp!) Marxists.

I am one of those scientists who question Darwinism, so this book is all about me.

What does Michael Ruse have to say about us "discontents?"

At the risk of damning myself in the eyes of sound scholarship and of God, let me be categorical. All of the critics of Darwinism are deeply mistaken.

Wrong. It is Michael Ruse who is mistaken and this damn book is full of sloppy scholarship.

Chapters 1-4 cover the basic facts of evolution. Ruse establishes the important contribution of Darwin in discovering natural selection. He points out that natural selection is the "single best idea anyone ever had" (Dennett, 195). I agree.

The "fact" of evolution is explained and the history of life is briefly described. None of this is controversial as far as scientists are concerned but Ruse is setting the stage for the most important part of the book.

Before continuing, it's worth pointing out one of the major failings of the book: the lack of any solid definition of evolution. It seems clear that Ruse is confused about the difference between evolution and one of the main mechanisms of evolution, namely, natural selection. This confusion haunts the last part of the book and makes it very difficult for Ruse to come to grips with the ideas of the "discontents."

Chapter 5 ("The Cause of Evolution") is all about natural selection. Ruse builds the case for natural selection using all the old examples that we are familiar with. Only in Chapter 6 ("Limitations and Restrictions") does he begin to address the objections to classical Darwinism.

First in the dock is adaptationism as a flawed strategy. The adaptationist fallacy is a direct frontal attack on old-fashioned Darwinian thinking. The attack was first launched by Gould and Lewontin in the famous Spandrels of San Marco paper (1979). What does Ruse have to say about this?

Now, what is to be said by the Darwinian in response to this charge? Simply this: whoever doubted the point that Gould and Lewontin are making? It has always been recognized by evolutionists—certainly from the "Origin of Species" on—that however common or ubiquitous adaptation may be, it is only part of the story. (p.135)

Bravo! In two sentences Michael Ruse admits there's more to evolution than natural selection and, therefore, the discontents have a good case. Now let's see if he understands what these other things are and why they are important. (Don't hold your breath.)

Several examples follow. In all of them, Ruse makes the case that adaptation isn't necessarily optimal. Sometimes there just hasn't been enough time for adaptation to succeed, this is why some bird species haven't yet adjusted to being parasitized by cuckoos. Sometimes natural selection has done a good, but not perfect, job; as in the circuitous route followed by mammalian sperm ducts that loop over the ureter. Sometimes natural selection is even maladaptive, as in the large antlers of the extinct Irish Elk. All of these examples are intended to show that Gould and Lewontin were wrong.

What about group selection? That's a major challenge to Darwinism and natural selection. Not a problem. Hamilton solved it by coming up with kin selection. Kin selection has been the greatest gift to adaptationist thinking since natural selection itself.

What about random genetic drift? Now, that's a real issue since there's very little doubt about its importance. (It's by far the main mechanism of evolution, properly defined.) Does Ruse agree? Nope. Ruse notes that random genetic drift was first proposed by Sewall Wright back in 1931 and expanded by Moto Kimura in 1968. But after some initial excitement Ruse concludes,

Wright's theory is not very Darwinian. Natural selection does not play an overwhelming role. Genetic drift is the key player in Wright's world. However, although many of these ideas were taken up by later thinkers, especially by Theodosuis Dobzhansky in the first edition of his influential "Genetics and the Origin of Species," drift soon fell right out of fashion, thanks to discoveries that showed that many features formerly considered just random are in fact under tight control of selection. Today no one would want to say that drift (at the physical level) is a major direct player, although in America particularly, there has always been a lingering fondness for it. (p.150)

There you have it. One of the most decisive and well studied alternatives to natural selection is dismissed as a fad. This is sloppy scholarship. Ruse clearly does not know what he's talking about. He's probably read too much of Richard Dawkins and his fellow philosopher Daniel Dennett, and not enough evolutionary biology textbooks.

Now we turn to punctuated equilibria. If Ruse is an opponent of Gould you would expect to see the standard references to saltation in this part of the book. You won't be disappointed. Although saltation and hopeful monsters have nothing to do with punctuated equilibria—and certainly nothing to do with the challenge to Darwinism—they are obligatory strawmen whenever you want to discredit Stephen Jay Gould. It's another indicator of poor scholarship.

Species selection, the real hierarchical challenge to Darwinism, isn't even mentioned. This omission is all the more remarkable since Ruse recognizes that in order to make a case for evolution at higher levels a non-Darwinian mechanism is needed; one that will decouple macroevolution and microevolution.

[Gould proposes] that at upper levels there are other mechanisms that the microevolutionists miss. Which of course might be so, but until some convincing alternatives are supplied, Darwinians continue to argue that in important respects macroevolution is microevolution writ large. Natural selection working on random mutation is the key to evolutionary change, long term as well as short term. (p.159)

What a remarkably crude way of dismissing all the work done by a large number of paleontologists, not to mention a 1433 page book called The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Ruse may have good reason for rejecting species selection but we'll never know. Sloppy scholarship, Ruse should be ashamed.

Chapter 6 is the most important chapter since it covers the main objections of the discontented. Ruse fails to meet any of those objections; indeed, he fails to understand most of them. The rest of the book doesn't get any better.

I'll finish this off by quoting from the concluding paragraph of Chapter 6.

What is our end point? It is just plain silly to say that Darwinism is an exhausted paradigm or that selection is a trivial cause of change—or even that it calls for significant revision or augmentation. It is a powerful mechanism and has proven its worth time and time again. It is not all-powerful. Natural selection has its limits—limits that have been recognized since the time of Darwin (he himself noted many of them)—but taken as a whole, it is the key to understanding the organic world. There is no call for theory change yet, nor is there any prospect of such change in the near future. (p.165)

Speaking for the discontents, I beg to differ. Random genetic drift is by far the most common mechanism of evolution and modern evolutionary theory fully acknowledges this fact. Darwinism (natural selection) is important but it ain't the only game in town. Darwin knew nothing about random genetic drift. That's why it's wrong to describe modern evolutionary theory as Darwinism.

Gould and his colleagues have proposed a hierarchical theory of evolution in which natural selection is only one mechanism and it operates at only one level (individuals within a population). Hierarchical theory may not be correct but you'll never know from reading this damn book.

Happy Perihelion Day!

Today's the day we are closest to the sun.

It's the warmest day of the year.

Read about it on Bad Astronomy [Approaching the Sun].

You're On Notice

From The Stephen Colbert "On Notice Board" Generator. (Bears should also be on the list but I didn't have room.)

A Prayer for Appeasers

Greg Laden posted a A Boxing Day Prayer for all those who are afraid to speak out aganst supersition. I reproduce it below the fold but you need to read the complete article that goes with it on Greg's blog.

A Prayer to the Faith Based

I’m sorry, and I don’t mean to offend you,
And you didn’t even ask for this but
I’m going to put in a plug for your beliefs
So that you won’t get too mad at me as I utter words
With which you or someone you know may not agree,
(No matter how utterly wrong you may happen to be)

It is good that you are religious
And I will personally defend your right to believe
Whatever it is you do in fact believe,
And I affirm that it is OK to put
Phrases regarding your beliefs on my money
And for you to assume that
I will swear to your god

when I am on jury duty
when I am drafted into the army
when I am elected to office
when I am in the witness stand
and whenever else I must affirm
that I am moral and will not lie.

i Will Capitalize Your Word for God
And the Name of Your Holy Book
And Other Entities and Documents
As You Dictate These Rules To me.

I offer this pandering to your particular beliefs,
regardless of what they may happen to be,
despite the fact that your cultural ancestors,
the mavens and leaders of one church or another,
burned at the stake or otherwise humiliated mine,
The early scientists and freethinkers,
I affirm this because I cannot at the moment
Remember where I put my spine.

Amen.